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A Review of Coal Fly Ash Utilization: Environmental, Energy, and Material Assessment

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  • Monika Kuźnia

    (Department of Heat Engineering and Environment Protection, Faculty of Metals Engineering and Industrial Computer Science, AGH University of Krakow, Mickiewicza 30 Av., 30-059 Krakow, Poland)

Abstract

Global coal consumption is continuously increasing. It is still the primary fuel used in power plants. Despite policies in the European Union aimed at reducing coal consumption, there are countries in the world where coal use continues to rise (China and India are the largest consumers of coal). Coal combustion produces waste, 70% of which is fly ash. It consists mainly of SiO 2 and Al 2 O 3 . Fly ash also includes Fe 2 O 3 , TiO 2 , MgO, K 2 O, and CaO. This article describes various methods of using fly ash. Fly ash can be used in the cement industry, as a filler in materials, in zeolite synthesis, in cenosphere separation, in agriculture, in water purification, in road construction as an asphalt filler, and in mine backfilling. An interesting method of using fly ash as a filler in the production of rigid polyurethane foam was also described. The article concerns potential uses in accordance with the principles of a Circular Economy. The environmental, energy, and material aspects are discussed.

Suggested Citation

  • Monika Kuźnia, 2024. "A Review of Coal Fly Ash Utilization: Environmental, Energy, and Material Assessment," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(1), pages 1-19, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:18:y:2024:i:1:p:52-:d:1554278
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Patrycja Zakrzewska & Monika Kuźnia & Beata Zygmunt-Kowalska & Anna Magiera & Aneta Magdziarz, 2023. "Utilization of Sunflower Husk Ash in the Production of Polyurethane Materials," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(24), pages 1-12, December.
    2. Mukherjee, Arun B. & Zevenhoven, Ron & Bhattacharya, Prosun & Sajwan, Kenneth S. & Kikuchi, Ryunosuke, 2008. "Mercury flow via coal and coal utilization by-products: A global perspective," Resources, Conservation & Recycling, Elsevier, vol. 52(4), pages 571-591.
    3. Joanna Mikusińska & Monika Kuźnia & Klaudia Czerwińska & Małgorzata Wilk, 2023. "Hydrothermal Carbonization of Digestate Produced in the Biogas Production Process," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(14), pages 1-18, July.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

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