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Review of Climate Strategies in Northern Europe: Exposure to Potential Risks and Limitations

Author

Listed:
  • Johannes Hyvönen

    (Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, Aalto University, 02150 Espoo, Finland)

  • Tero Koivunen

    (Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, Aalto University, 02150 Espoo, Finland)

  • Sanna Syri

    (Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, Aalto University, 02150 Espoo, Finland)

Abstract

Several northern European countries have announced ambitious plans to become carbon neutral already before the year 2050. Recent research has, however, highlighted how potential bottlenecks in raw material and resource availability could significantly delay or hinder wind and solar photovoltaic (PV) expansion and continued biomass usage in parts of Europe. To address this issue, this paper assesses how exposed the national energy and climate plans (NECPs) of Finland, Estonia, Germany, Sweden, and Denmark are to resource limitations and techno-economic risks by reviewing and analysing 2030 NECP targets compared to statistical energy use data in these countries. The results indicate that the NECPs of Denmark and Germany are particularly exposed to risks related to global raw material availability, as Denmark plans to rapidly grow the share of wind and solar PV in electricity generation to 81% and 13% by 2030, respectively, followed by Germany, which outlines a 39% and 16% share of wind and solar PV in its national climate strategy. The NECPs of Finland and Germany are also shown to be vulnerable to limitations in biomass availability, as there is a significant disparity between the projected biomass usage and legally binding European Union (EU) targets for land use, land use change, and forestry (LULUCF) sector emissions in 2030 in these countries.

Suggested Citation

  • Johannes Hyvönen & Tero Koivunen & Sanna Syri, 2024. "Review of Climate Strategies in Northern Europe: Exposure to Potential Risks and Limitations," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(7), pages 1-17, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:17:y:2024:i:7:p:1538-:d:1362477
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Knodt, Michèle & Ringel, Marc & Müller, Rainer, 2020. "‘Harder’ soft governance in the European Energy Union," Publications of Darmstadt Technical University, Institute for Business Studies (BWL) 125153, Darmstadt Technical University, Department of Business Administration, Economics and Law, Institute for Business Studies (BWL).
    2. Marzena Smol & Paulina Marcinek & Joanna Duda & Dominika Szołdrowska, 2020. "Correction: Smol, M., et al. Importance of Sustainable Mineral Resource Management in Implementing the Circular Economy (CE) Model and the European Green Deal Strategy. Resource 2020, 9 , 55," Resources, MDPI, vol. 9(6), pages 1-3, June.
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