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An Experimental Study on the Performance and Emissions of an 8% Water-in-Diesel Emulsion Stabilized by a Hydrophilic Surfactant Blend

Author

Listed:
  • Pedro Oliveira

    (Centre for Mechanical and Aerospace Sciences and Technologies (C-MAST), University of Beira Interior, 6200-358 Covilhã, Portugal)

  • Francisco Brójo

    (Department of Aerospace Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6200-358 Covilhã, Portugal)

Abstract

Diesel engines are known for their excellent efficiency and are therefore used in a variety of applications. However, they are also one of the main sources of hazardous emissions such as nitrogen oxides (NO x ) and smoke. Water-in-Diesel Emulsion (WiDE) is an alternative fuel that can possibly reduce some of the pollutant emissions without compromising engine performance. The surfactant formulation for WiDE usually follows the one used in water-in-oil (w/o) emulsions, where low hydrophilic–lipophilic balance (HLB) emulsifiers are preferred for better solubility in the diesel phase and stabilization at storage temperatures. However, by using a hydrophilic blend with a non-ionic surfactant, it is possible to develop an optimized formulation at higher fuel temperatures, which occur during an engine’s operating condition, achieving possibly higher benefits. Across the different speeds, the results for the emulsion show 7.57% mean improvement in specific fuel consumption (SFC), 19.14% mean improvement in thermal efficiency (TE), 5.54% mean reduction in carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), 20.50% mean reduction in nitric oxide (NO) and 75.19% mean reduction in smoke levels. However, carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbons (HC) emissions were higher, with a mean increase of 81.09% and 93.83%, respectively.

Suggested Citation

  • Pedro Oliveira & Francisco Brójo, 2024. "An Experimental Study on the Performance and Emissions of an 8% Water-in-Diesel Emulsion Stabilized by a Hydrophilic Surfactant Blend," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(6), pages 1-16, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:17:y:2024:i:6:p:1328-:d:1354462
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Mohd Tamam, Mohamad Qayyum & Yahya, Wira Jazair & Ithnin, Ahmad Muhsin & Abdullah, Nik Rosli & Kadir, Hasannuddin Abdul & Rahman, Md Mujibur & Rahman, Hasbullah Abdul & Abu Mansor, Mohd Radzi & Noge, , 2023. "Performance and emission studies of a common rail turbocharged diesel electric generator fueled with emulsifier free water/diesel emulsion," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 268(C).
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