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Examining the Coopetition Relationships in Renewable Energy Trade among BRI Countries: Complexity, Stability, and Evolution

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  • Yufei Xu

    (School of Mathematical Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
    Institute of Carbon Neutrality Development, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China)

  • Zhangyi Ji

    (School of Mathematical Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China)

  • Chenming Jiang

    (School of Mathematical Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China)

  • Wei Xu

    (School of Mathematical Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
    Institute of Carbon Neutrality Development, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China)

  • Cuixia Gao

    (School of Mathematical Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
    Institute of Carbon Neutrality Development, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
    School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China)

Abstract

The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) has significantly transformed the traditional energy market and reshaped international cooperation and conflict dynamics through its expanding trade in renewable energy resources. This study focuses on examining the complex and evolving nature of coopetition relationships in the renewable energy trade among BRI countries from 2013 to 2020. Understanding the interplay between cooperation and competition in this sector is crucial for comprehending the dynamics and stability of these trade relationships. Using a signed network approach, the findings of this study reveal that the countries predominantly exhibit a cooperative relationship. However, as time progresses, a notable pattern emerges, characterized by the coexistence of “competitive cooperation” and “cooperative competition”. In addition, coopetition group clustering is strongly influenced by geographical location. China, as a key player in the BRI, demonstrates a coopetition group characterized by a high inflow and low outflow pattern. Furthermore, the implementation of the BRI has greatly improved the overall stability of trade along the route. However, the coexistence of competition and cooperation among nations has increased the uncertainty of trade relations, thereby exerting a certain level of influence on their stability. Based on these findings, this study proposes policy recommendations to strength renewable energy trade relationships along the BRI route.

Suggested Citation

  • Yufei Xu & Zhangyi Ji & Chenming Jiang & Wei Xu & Cuixia Gao, 2024. "Examining the Coopetition Relationships in Renewable Energy Trade among BRI Countries: Complexity, Stability, and Evolution," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(5), pages 1-16, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:17:y:2024:i:5:p:1184-:d:1349707
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    References listed on IDEAS

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