IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v17y2024i2p437-d1320075.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Thermodynamic, Economic and Maturity Analysis of a Carnot Battery with a Two-Zone Water Thermal Energy Storage for Different Working Fluids

Author

Listed:
  • Josefine Koksharov

    (Institute for Technical Thermodynamics, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany)

  • Lauritz Zendel

    (Institute for Technical Thermodynamics, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany)

  • Frank Dammel

    (Institute for Technical Thermodynamics, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany)

  • Peter Stephan

    (Institute for Technical Thermodynamics, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany)

Abstract

The rising share of renewable energies leads to increased fluctuations in electrical power supply. One possibility to shift the surplus energy based on demand is a Carnot battery (CB). A CB uses a heat pump or resistance heater to convert and store thermal energy into electrical energy. Later, the stored thermal energy is converted back into electrical energy using a heat engine. This study investigates a CB with a two-zone tank for thermal energy storage. A transcritical process with CO 2 is applied for charging, while discharging employs a transcritical process with CO 2 and six refrigerants operating in a subcritical process. The transcritical process with CO 2 and the four most promising subcritical processes are compared regarding round trip efficiency and levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) depending on the pinch points 5 K and 1 K in the heat exchangers. Additionally, the technology readiness level (TRL) is determined for these configurations. The results show round-trip efficiencies between 11.3% and 33.5% and LCOEs ranging from EUR 0.95 ( kWh ) − 1 to EUR 2.09 ( kWh ) − 1 for the considered concepts with TRLs of up to six.

Suggested Citation

  • Josefine Koksharov & Lauritz Zendel & Frank Dammel & Peter Stephan, 2024. "Thermodynamic, Economic and Maturity Analysis of a Carnot Battery with a Two-Zone Water Thermal Energy Storage for Different Working Fluids," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(2), pages 1-20, January.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:17:y:2024:i:2:p:437-:d:1320075
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/17/2/437/pdf
    Download Restriction: no

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/17/2/437/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Juan J. García-Pabón & Dario Méndez-Méndez & Juan M. Belman-Flores & Juan M. Barroso-Maldonado & Ali Khosravi, 2021. "A Review of Recent Research on the Use of R1234yf as an Environmentally Friendly Fluid in the Organic Rankine Cycle," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(11), pages 1-21, May.
    2. Arpagaus, Cordin & Bless, Frédéric & Uhlmann, Michael & Schiffmann, Jürg & Bertsch, Stefan S., 2018. "High temperature heat pumps: Market overview, state of the art, research status, refrigerants, and application potentials," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 152(C), pages 985-1010.
    3. Morandin, Matteo & Maréchal, François & Mercangöz, Mehmet & Buchter, Florian, 2012. "Conceptual design of a thermo-electrical energy storage system based on heat integration of thermodynamic cycles – Part B: Alternative system configurations," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 45(1), pages 386-396.
    4. Eppinger, Bernd & Steger, Daniel & Regensburger, Christoph & Karl, Jürgen & Schlücker, Eberhard & Will, Stefan, 2021. "Carnot battery: Simulation and design of a reversible heat pump-organic Rankine cycle pilot plant," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 288(C).
    5. Zhao, Yongliang & Song, Jian & Liu, Ming & Zhao, Yao & Olympios, Andreas V. & Sapin, Paul & Yan, Junjie & Markides, Christos N., 2022. "Thermo-economic assessments of pumped-thermal electricity storage systems employing sensible heat storage materials," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 186(C), pages 431-456.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Guido Francesco Frate & Lorenzo Ferrari & Umberto Desideri, 2020. "Rankine Carnot Batteries with the Integration of Thermal Energy Sources: A Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(18), pages 1-28, September.
    2. Frate, Guido Francesco & Baccioli, Andrea & Bernardini, Leonardo & Ferrari, Lorenzo, 2022. "Assessment of the off-design performance of a solar thermally-integrated pumped-thermal energy storage," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 201(P1), pages 636-650.
    3. Tassenoy, Robin & Couvreur, Kenny & Beyne, Wim & De Paepe, Michel & Lecompte, Steven, 2022. "Techno-economic assessment of Carnot batteries for load-shifting of solar PV production of an office building," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 199(C), pages 1133-1144.
    4. Zhang, Han & Wang, Liang & Lin, Xipeng & Chen, Haisheng, 2023. "Parametric optimisation and thermo-economic analysis of Joule–Brayton cycle-based pumped thermal electricity storage system under various charging–discharging periods," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 263(PE).
    5. Carro, A. & Chacartegui, R. & Ortiz, C. & Carneiro, J. & Becerra, J.A., 2022. "Integration of energy storage systems based on transcritical CO2: Concept of CO2 based electrothermal energy and geological storage," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 238(PA).
    6. José Ignacio Linares & Arturo Martín-Colino & Eva Arenas & María José Montes & Alexis Cantizano & José Rubén Pérez-Domínguez, 2023. "Carnot Battery Based on Brayton Supercritical CO 2 Thermal Machines Using Concentrated Solar Thermal Energy as a Low-Temperature Source," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(9), pages 1-24, May.
    7. Canpolat Tosun, Demet & Açıkkalp, Emin & Altuntas, Onder & Hepbasli, Arif & Palmero-Marrero, Ana I. & Borge-Diez, David, 2023. "Dynamic performance and sustainability assessment of a PV driven Carnot battery," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 278(C).
    8. Peter Nagovnak & Maedeh Rahnama Mobarakeh & Christian Diendorfer & Gregor Thenius & Hans Böhm & Thomas Kienberger, 2024. "Cost-Driven Assessment of Technologies’ Potential to Reach Climate Neutrality in Energy-Intensive Industries," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(5), pages 1-34, February.
    9. Mohammadnia, Ali & Iov, Florin & Rasmussen, Morten Karstoft & Nielsen, Mads Pagh, 2024. "Feasibility assessment of next-generation smart district heating networks by intelligent energy management strategies," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 296(C).
    10. Jiang, Jiatong & Hu, Bin & Wang, R.Z. & Liu, Hua & Zhang, Zhiping & Wu, Yongqiang & Yue, Qingxue & Zhang, Ying, 2024. "Film condensation experiments of R1233zd(E) over horizontal tubes and high-temperature condensation predictions for high-temperature heat pump," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 300(C).
    11. Ameen, Muhammad Tahir & Ma, Zhiwei & Smallbone, Andrew & Norman, Rose & Roskilly, Anthony Paul, 2023. "Demonstration system of pumped heat energy storage (PHES) and its round-trip efficiency," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 333(C).
    12. Liu, Hua & Zhao, Baiyang & Zhang, Zhiping & Li, Hongbo & Hu, Bin & Wang, R.Z., 2020. "Experimental validation of an advanced heat pump system with high-efficiency centrifugal compressor," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 213(C).
    13. Zhao, Yongliang & Song, Jian & Liu, Ming & Zhao, Yao & Olympios, Andreas V. & Sapin, Paul & Yan, Junjie & Markides, Christos N., 2022. "Thermo-economic assessments of pumped-thermal electricity storage systems employing sensible heat storage materials," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 186(C), pages 431-456.
    14. Els van der Roest & Stijn Beernink & Niels Hartog & Jan Peter van der Hoek & Martin Bloemendal, 2021. "Towards Sustainable Heat Supply with Decentralized Multi-Energy Systems by Integration of Subsurface Seasonal Heat Storage," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(23), pages 1-31, November.
    15. Michał Jurczyk & Tomasz Spietz & Agata Czardybon & Szymon Dobras & Karina Ignasiak & Łukasz Bartela & Wojciech Uchman & Jakub Ochmann, 2024. "Review of Thermal Energy Storage Materials for Application in Large-Scale Integrated Energy Systems—Methodology for Matching Heat Storage Solutions for Given Applications," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(14), pages 1-28, July.
    16. Guo, Hao & Gong, Maoqiong & Qin, Xiaoyu, 2019. "Performance analysis of a modified subcritical zeotropic mixture recuperative high-temperature heat pump," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 237(C), pages 338-352.
    17. Ron-Hendrik Hechelmann & Jan-Peter Seevers & Alexander Otte & Jan Sponer & Matthias Stark, 2020. "Renewable Energy Integration for Steam Supply of Industrial Processes—A Food Processing Case Study," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(10), pages 1-20, May.
    18. Dong, Yixiu & Yan, Hongzhi & Wang, Ruzhu, 2024. "Significant thermal upgrade via cascade high temperature heat pump with low GWP working fluids," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 190(PA).
    19. Marina, A. & Spoelstra, S. & Zondag, H.A. & Wemmers, A.K., 2021. "An estimation of the European industrial heat pump market potential," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 139(C).
    20. Yong, Qingqing & Jin, Kaiyuan & Li, Xiaobo & Yang, Ronggui, 2023. "Thermo-economic analysis for a novel grid-scale pumped thermal electricity storage system coupled with a coal-fired power plant," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 280(C).

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:17:y:2024:i:2:p:437-:d:1320075. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.