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An Optimized Strategy for the Integration of Photovoltaic Systems and Electric Vehicles into the Real Distribution Grid

Author

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  • Ružica Kljajić

    (Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Computer Science and Information Technology Osijek, University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia)

  • Predrag Marić

    (Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Computer Science and Information Technology Osijek, University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia)

  • Nemanja Mišljenović

    (Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Computer Science and Information Technology Osijek, University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia)

  • Marina Dubravac

    (Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Computer Science and Information Technology Osijek, University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia)

Abstract

The increasing spread of photovoltaic systems for private households (PVs) and electric vehicles (EVs) in order to reduce carbon emissions significantly impacts operation conditions in existing distribution networks. Variable and unpredictable PVs can stress distribution network operation, mainly manifested in voltage violations during the day. On the other hand, variable loads such as EV chargers which have battery storage in their configuration have the ability of storying a surplus energy and, if it is necessary, support a distribution network with energy, commonly known as vehicle-to-grid concept (V2G), to help voltage stability network enhancement. This paper proposes an optimal power flow (OPF)-based model for EV charging to minimize power exchange between the superior-10 kV grid and the observed distribution feeder. The optimization procedure is realized using the co-simulation approach that connects power flow analysis software and optimization method. Three different scenarios are observed and analysed. The first scenario is referred to as a base case without optimization. The second and third scenarios include optimal EV charging and discharging patterns under different constraints. To test the optimization model, a 90-bus unbalanced distribution feeder modelled based on real-life examples is used. The obtained results suggest that this optimization model does not only significantly reduce the power exchange between an external network and the distribution feeder but also improves voltage stability and demand curve in the distribution feeder.

Suggested Citation

  • Ružica Kljajić & Predrag Marić & Nemanja Mišljenović & Marina Dubravac, 2024. "An Optimized Strategy for the Integration of Photovoltaic Systems and Electric Vehicles into the Real Distribution Grid," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(22), pages 1-18, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:17:y:2024:i:22:p:5602-:d:1517430
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Adlan Pradana & Mejbaul Haque & Mithulanathan Nadarajah, 2023. "Control Strategies of Electric Vehicles Participating in Ancillary Services: A Comprehensive Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(4), pages 1-36, February.
    2. Wang, Licheng & Yan, Ruifeng & Saha, Tapan Kumar, 2019. "Voltage regulation challenges with unbalanced PV integration in low voltage distribution systems and the corresponding solution," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 256(C).
    3. Bożena Gajdzik & Magdalena Jaciow & Radosław Wolniak & Robert Wolny & Wieslaw Wes Grebski, 2024. "Diagnosis of the Development of Energy Cooperatives in Poland—A Case Study of a Renewable Energy Cooperative in the Upper Silesian Region," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(3), pages 1-27, January.
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