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Modeling, Design, and Optimization of Loop Heat Pipes

Author

Listed:
  • Yihang Zhao

    (School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China)

  • Mingshan Wei

    (School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
    School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology-Beijing, Beijing 100083, China)

  • Dan Dan

    (School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China)

Abstract

Thermal management technology based on loop heat pipes (LHPs) has broad application prospects in heat transfer control for aerospace and new energy vehicles. LHPs offer excellent heat transfer performance, reliability, and flexibility, making them suitable for high-heat flux density, high-power heat dissipation, and complex thermal management scenarios. However, due to limitations in heat source temperature and heat transfer power range, LHP-based thermal management systems still face challenges, especially in thermohydraulic modeling, component design, and optimization. Steady-state models improve computational efficiency and accuracy, while transient models capture dynamic behavior under various conditions, aiding performance evaluation during start-up and non-steady-state scenarios. Designs for single/multi-evaporators, compensation chambers, and wick materials are also reviewed. Single-evaporator designs offer compact and efficient start-up, while multi-evaporator designs handle complex thermal environments with multiple heat sources. Innovations in wick materials, such as porous metals, composites, and 3D printing, enhance capillary driving force and heat transfer performance. A comprehensive summary of working fluid selection criteria is conducted, and the effects of selecting organic, inorganic, and nanofluid working fluids on the performance of LHPs are evaluated. The selection process should consider thermodynamic properties, safety, and environmental friendliness to ensure optimal performance. Additionally, the mechanism and optimization methods of the start-up behavior, temperature oscillation, and non-condensable gas on the operating characteristics of LHPs were summarized. Optimizing vapor/liquid distribution, heat load, and sink temperature enhances start-up efficiency and minimizes temperature overshoot. Improved capillary structures and working fluids reduce temperature oscillations. Addressing non-condensable gases with materials like titanium and thermoelectric coolers ensures long-term stability and reliability. This review comprehensively discusses the development trends and prospects of LHP technology, aiming to guide the design and optimization of LHP.

Suggested Citation

  • Yihang Zhao & Mingshan Wei & Dan Dan, 2024. "Modeling, Design, and Optimization of Loop Heat Pipes," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(16), pages 1-40, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:17:y:2024:i:16:p:3971-:d:1453886
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Boubaker, Riadh & Platel, Vincent, 2016. "Dynamic model of capillary pumped loop with unsaturated porous wick for terrestrial application," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 111(C), pages 402-413.
    2. Dan Dan & Yihang Zhao & Mingshan Wei & Xuehui Wang, 2023. "Review of Thermal Management Technology for Electric Vehicles," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(12), pages 1-38, June.
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