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Linear, Nonlinear, and Distributed-Parameter Observers Used for (Renewable) Energy Processes and Systems—An Overview

Author

Listed:
  • Verica Radisavljevic-Gajic

    (Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ajman University, Ajman P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates)

  • Dimitri Karagiannis

    (Division of Engineering, Business and Computing, Penn State University at Berks, Reading, PA 19610, USA)

  • Zoran Gajic

    (Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rutgers University, 94 Brett Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA)

Abstract

Full- and reduced-order observers have been used in many engineering applications, particularly for energy systems. Applications of observers to energy systems are twofold: (1) the use of observed variables of dynamic systems for the purpose of feedback control and (2) the use of observers in their own right to observe (estimate) state variables of particular energy processes and systems. In addition to the classical Luenberger-type observers, we will review some papers on functional, fractional, and disturbance observers, as well as sliding-mode observers used for energy systems. Observers have been applied to energy systems in both continuous and discrete time domains and in both deterministic and stochastic problem formulations to observe (estimate) state variables over either finite or infinite time (steady-state) intervals. This overview paper will provide a detailed overview of observers used for linear and linearized mathematical models of energy systems and review the most important and most recent papers on the use of observers for nonlinear lumped (concentrated)-parameter systems. The emphasis will be on applications of observers to renewable energy systems, such as fuel cells, batteries, solar cells, and wind turbines. In addition, we will present recent research results on the use of observers for distributed-parameter systems and comment on their actual and potential applications in energy processes and systems. Due to the large number of papers that have been published on this topic, we will concentrate our attention mostly on papers published in high-quality journals in recent years, mostly in the past decade.

Suggested Citation

  • Verica Radisavljevic-Gajic & Dimitri Karagiannis & Zoran Gajic, 2024. "Linear, Nonlinear, and Distributed-Parameter Observers Used for (Renewable) Energy Processes and Systems—An Overview," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(11), pages 1-25, June.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:17:y:2024:i:11:p:2700-:d:1407357
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Luo, Xing & Wang, Jihong & Dooner, Mark & Clarke, Jonathan, 2015. "Overview of current development in electrical energy storage technologies and the application potential in power system operation," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 137(C), pages 511-536.
    2. Xiaotao Chen & Weimin Wu & Ning Gao & Jiahao Liu & Henry Shu-Hung Chung & Frede Blaabjerg, 2019. "Finite Control Set Model Predictive Control for an LCL-Filtered Grid-Tied Inverter with Full Status Estimations under Unbalanced Grid Voltage," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(14), pages 1-22, July.
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