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Vehicle-to-Grid Revenue from Retail Time-of-Day Rates, Compared with Wholesale Market Participation under FERC Order 2222

Author

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  • John G. Metz

    (Center for Research in Wind, College of Earth, Ocean, and Environment, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA)

  • Willett Kempton

    (Center for Research in Wind, College of Earth, Ocean, and Environment, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA)

Abstract

This article compares potential revenue from electric storage in retail and wholesale electric markets. The retail value can be extracted when storage responds to time-of-day retail prices. The wholesale value is enabled by the recent US Federal Energy Regulatory Commission Order 2222, which requires regional transmission operators (RTOs) to allow distributed storage behind the meter to participate in wholesale electric markets. To quantify the value of these markets, we use realistic time-of-day rates and market prices in one RTO’s ancillary service market. Formulae are developed to estimate the value of behind-the-meter storage in wholesale and retail markets, using an example electric vehicle in a fleet setting. The formulae are also used to compare whether or not net metering is available and different charging rates. The aggregate national storage behind the retail meter is very large, given the projected growth of electric vehicles. Our findings indicate the revenue from wholesale markets can be significantly more than that of retail opportunities. However, the potential in either retail or wholesale markets is currently limited by both state policy and incomplete RTO implementation of FERC orders.

Suggested Citation

  • John G. Metz & Willett Kempton, 2024. "Vehicle-to-Grid Revenue from Retail Time-of-Day Rates, Compared with Wholesale Market Participation under FERC Order 2222," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(11), pages 1-18, May.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:17:y:2024:i:11:p:2664-:d:1405675
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Apostolaki-Iosifidou, Elpiniki & Codani, Paul & Kempton, Willett, 2017. "Measurement of power loss during electric vehicle charging and discharging," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 127(C), pages 730-742.
    2. Carlo Corinaldesi & Georg Lettner & Daniel Schwabeneder & Amela Ajanovic & Hans Auer, 2020. "Impact of Different Charging Strategies for Electric Vehicles in an Austrian Office Site," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(22), pages 1-17, November.
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