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Optimization Model of Hybrid Renewable Energy Generation for Electric Bus Charging Stations

Author

Listed:
  • Ahmed Bazzi

    (School of Science and Engineering, Al Akhawayn University, Ifrane 53000, Morocco)

  • Hamza El Hafdaoui

    (School of Science and Engineering, Al Akhawayn University, Ifrane 53000, Morocco
    National School of Applied Sciences, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez 30000, Morocco)

  • Ahmed Khallaayoun

    (School of Science and Engineering, Al Akhawayn University, Ifrane 53000, Morocco)

  • Kedar Mehta

    (Institute of new Energy Systems (InES), Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt, 85051 Ingolstadt, Germany)

  • Kamar Ouazzani

    (National School of Applied Sciences, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez 30000, Morocco)

  • Wilfried Zörner

    (Institute of new Energy Systems (InES), Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt, 85051 Ingolstadt, Germany)

Abstract

This paper introduces a comprehensive approach for sizing grid-connected hybrid renewable energy systems tailored for electric bus fleet operations. The study involves two main steps. First, a mathematical model that optimizes the configuration of such systems by considering daily electric bus consumption, solar irradiance, wind speed, and biomass potential is formulated. The model utilizes Pareto frontier multi-objective optimization to minimize the net present cost, the cost of energy, and greenhouse gas emissions. Second, the model is rigorously applied and tested in a real-world case study in Fez, Morocco, using HOMER Pro; the case study centers on the daily energy requirements of the buses, estimated at 2.5 megawatt hours per day, with a peak demand of 345 kilowatts. Two scenarios are explored, revealing a discernible trade-off dilemma between the full hybrid renewable energy scenario (Scenario 1) and the grid-connected hybrid renewable energy scenario (Scenario 2). In Scenario 2, the grid-connected hybrid renewable energy system demonstrates a notable 42.8% reduction in the net present cost, totaling USD 984,624. Similarly, the levelized cost of energy experiences a significant decrease, reaching approximately 0.08 USD/kWh, marking a 38.1% reduction. However, this apparent economic advantage is juxtaposed with a critical consideration—an increase in greenhouse gas emissions from null to 330,418 kg/year.

Suggested Citation

  • Ahmed Bazzi & Hamza El Hafdaoui & Ahmed Khallaayoun & Kedar Mehta & Kamar Ouazzani & Wilfried Zörner, 2023. "Optimization Model of Hybrid Renewable Energy Generation for Electric Bus Charging Stations," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(1), pages 1-22, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:17:y:2023:i:1:p:53-:d:1304889
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. shafiei, Mohammad & Ghasemi-Marzbali, Ali, 2023. "Electric vehicle fast charging station design by considering probabilistic model of renewable energy source and demand response," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 267(C).
    2. Abid, Md. Shadman & Ahshan, Razzaqul & Al Abri, Rashid & Al-Badi, Abdullah & Albadi, Mohammed, 2024. "Techno-economic and environmental assessment of renewable energy sources, virtual synchronous generators, and electric vehicle charging stations in microgrids," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 353(PA).
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

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