IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v16y2023i9p3889-d1139349.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Long-Term Self-Discharge Measurements and Modelling for Various Cell Types and Cell Potentials

Author

Listed:
  • Mohamed Azzam

    (Research Group Electromobility and Learning Systems, Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt, D-85049 Ingolstadt, Germany)

  • Moritz Ehrensberger

    (Research Group Electromobility and Learning Systems, Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt, D-85049 Ingolstadt, Germany)

  • Reinhard Scheuer

    (Research Group Electromobility and Learning Systems, Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt, D-85049 Ingolstadt, Germany)

  • Christian Endisch

    (Research Group Electromobility and Learning Systems, Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt, D-85049 Ingolstadt, Germany)

  • Meinert Lewerenz

    (Research Group Electromobility and Learning Systems, Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt, D-85049 Ingolstadt, Germany)

Abstract

Self-discharge of lithium-ion cells leads to voltage decay over time. In this work, the self-discharge was measured at 30 ∘ C for three cell types at various voltage levels for about 150 days in a constant voltage mode determining the current at a high precision (float current). All cells exhibit a transient part leading to a steady-state, which is no longer influenced by reversible effects. To study the effect of the check-ups on the steady-state float current, the cells, interrupted and not interrupted by check-ups, were compared. The results indicate that both the transient processes and steady-state currents are highly reproducible. In the first period of the float current, the polarization dominates the measured current, followed by the anode overhang effect dominating the process for a period of 5–30 days. After the decline of both processes, a mostly constant steady-state in the order of μ A is observed. The check-up interruption generally shows no apparent effect on the reached steady-state and results only in an extended settling time. A model to simulate the transient process and steady-state of float currents was developed. The model shows a high accuracy in reproducing the results and identifying the time needed to reach the steady-state.

Suggested Citation

  • Mohamed Azzam & Moritz Ehrensberger & Reinhard Scheuer & Christian Endisch & Meinert Lewerenz, 2023. "Long-Term Self-Discharge Measurements and Modelling for Various Cell Types and Cell Potentials," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(9), pages 1-19, May.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:16:y:2023:i:9:p:3889-:d:1139349
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/16/9/3889/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/16/9/3889/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Hildenbrand, Felix & Ditscheid, Dominik & Barbers, Elias & Sauer, Dirk Uwe, 2023. "Influence of the anode overhang on the open-circuit voltage and the ageing of lithium-ion batteries—A model based study," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 332(C).
    2. Diouf, Boucar & Pode, Ramchandra, 2015. "Potential of lithium-ion batteries in renewable energy," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 76(C), pages 375-380.
    3. Zsolt Ugray & Leon Lasdon & John Plummer & Fred Glover & James Kelly & Rafael Martí, 2007. "Scatter Search and Local NLP Solvers: A Multistart Framework for Global Optimization," INFORMS Journal on Computing, INFORMS, vol. 19(3), pages 328-340, August.
    4. Saw, L.H. & Ye, Y. & Tay, A.A.O., 2014. "Electro-thermal analysis and integration issues of lithium ion battery for electric vehicles," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 131(C), pages 97-107.
    5. Jie Yang & Chunyu Du & Ting Wang & Yunzhi Gao & Xinqun Cheng & Pengjian Zuo & Yulin Ma & Jiajun Wang & Geping Yin & Jingying Xie & Bo Lei, 2018. "Rapid Prediction of the Open-Circuit-Voltage of Lithium Ion Batteries Based on an Effective Voltage Relaxation Model," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(12), pages 1-15, December.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Farmann, Alexander & Waag, Wladislaw & Sauer, Dirk Uwe, 2016. "Application-specific electrical characterization of high power batteries with lithium titanate anodes for electric vehicles," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 112(C), pages 294-306.
    2. Ostanek, Jason K. & Li, Weisi & Mukherjee, Partha P. & Crompton, K.R. & Hacker, Christopher, 2020. "Simulating onset and evolution of thermal runaway in Li-ion cells using a coupled thermal and venting model," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 268(C).
    3. Ghorbanzadeh, Milad & Astaneh, Majid & Golzar, Farzin, 2019. "Long-term degradation based analysis for lithium-ion batteries in off-grid wind-battery renewable energy systems," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 166(C), pages 1194-1206.
    4. Yang, Jie & Yu, Fan & Ma, Kai & Yang, Bo & Yue, Zhiyuan, 2024. "Optimal scheduling of electric-hydrogen integrated charging station for new energy vehicles," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 224(C).
    5. Parlikar, Anupam & Truong, Cong Nam & Jossen, Andreas & Hesse, Holger, 2021. "The carbon footprint of island grids with lithium-ion battery systems: An analysis based on levelized emissions of energy supply," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 149(C).
    6. Youssef Amry & Elhoussin Elbouchikhi & Franck Le Gall & Mounir Ghogho & Soumia El Hani, 2022. "Electric Vehicle Traction Drives and Charging Station Power Electronics: Current Status and Challenges," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(16), pages 1-30, August.
    7. Xu Wang & Jingni Song & Qunqi Wu, 2021. "An Economic Equilibrium Model for Optimizing Passenger Transport Corridor Mode Structure Based on Travel Surplus," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(7), pages 1-18, April.
    8. Ozkurt, Celil & Camci, Fatih & Atamuradov, Vepa & Odorry, Christopher, 2016. "Integration of sampling based battery state of health estimation method in electric vehicles," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 175(C), pages 356-367.
    9. Zilong, Ti & Xiao Wei, Deng, 2022. "Layout optimization of offshore wind farm considering spatially inhomogeneous wave loads," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 306(PA).
    10. Li, Xiaoyu & Zhang, Zuguang & Wang, Wenhui & Tian, Yong & Li, Dong & Tian, Jindong, 2020. "Multiphysical field measurement and fusion for battery electric-thermal-contour performance analysis," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 262(C).
    11. Yang, Yuqing & Bremner, Stephen & Menictas, Chris & Kay, Merlinde, 2022. "Forecasting error processing techniques and frequency domain decomposition for forecasting error compensation and renewable energy firming in hybrid systems," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 313(C).
    12. Jose-Maria Delgado-Sanchez & Isidoro Lillo-Bravo, 2020. "Influence of Degradation Processes in Lead–Acid Batteries on the Technoeconomic Analysis of Photovoltaic Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(16), pages 1-28, August.
    13. Ko, Chi-Jyun & Chen, Kuo-Ching, 2024. "Using tens of seconds of relaxation voltage to estimate open circuit voltage and state of health of lithium ion batteries," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 357(C).
    14. Fernando Moreno-Brieva & Carlos Merino, 2020. "African international trade in the global value chain of lithium batteries," Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, Springer, vol. 25(6), pages 1031-1052, August.
    15. Calise, Francesco & Cappiello, Francesco Liberato & Cimmino, Luca & Dentice d’Accadia, Massimo & Vicidomini, Maria, 2023. "Renewable smart energy network: A thermoeconomic comparison between conventional lithium-ion batteries and reversible solid oxide fuel cells," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 214(C), pages 74-95.
    16. Dionisios Koutsantonis & Konstantinos Koutsantonis & Nikolaos P. Bakas & Vagelis Plevris & Andreas Langousis & Savvas A. Chatzichristofis, 2022. "Bibliometric Literature Review of Adaptive Learning Systems," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(19), pages 1-18, October.
    17. Yingjie Chen & Geng Yang & Xu Liu & Zhichao He, 2019. "A Time-Efficient and Accurate Open Circuit Voltage Estimation Method for Lithium-Ion Batteries," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(9), pages 1-20, May.
    18. Lingcai Kong & Jinfeng Wang & Weiguo Han & Zhidong Cao, 2016. "Modeling Heterogeneity in Direct Infectious Disease Transmission in a Compartmental Model," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 13(3), pages 1-13, February.
    19. Lybbert, M. & Ghaemi, Z. & Balaji, A.K. & Warren, R., 2021. "Integrating life cycle assessment and electrochemical modeling to study the effects of cell design and operating conditions on the environmental impacts of lithium-ion batteries," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 144(C).
    20. Chungen Shen & Lei-Hong Zhang & Wei Liu, 2016. "A stabilized filter SQP algorithm for nonlinear programming," Journal of Global Optimization, Springer, vol. 65(4), pages 677-708, August.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:16:y:2023:i:9:p:3889-:d:1139349. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.