IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v16y2023i8p3465-d1124111.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Internet of Things: A Comprehensive Overview on Protocols, Architectures, Technologies, Simulation Tools, and Future Directions

Author

Listed:
  • Mohammad Mansour

    (Nanoelectronics Integrated Systems Center (NISC), Nile University, Giza 12588, Egypt)

  • Amal Gamal

    (Nanoelectronics Integrated Systems Center (NISC), Nile University, Giza 12588, Egypt)

  • Ahmed I. Ahmed

    (Nanoelectronics Integrated Systems Center (NISC), Nile University, Giza 12588, Egypt)

  • Lobna A. Said

    (Nanoelectronics Integrated Systems Center (NISC), Nile University, Giza 12588, Egypt)

  • Abdelmoniem Elbaz

    (El Sewedy Electrometer Group, Cairo 12451, Egypt)

  • Norbert Herencsar

    (Department of Telecommunications, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 12, 616 00 Brno, Czech Republic)

  • Ahmed Soltan

    (Nanoelectronics Integrated Systems Center (NISC), Nile University, Giza 12588, Egypt)

Abstract

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a global network of interconnected computing, sensing, and networking devices that can exchange data and information via various network protocols. It can connect numerous smart devices thanks to recent advances in wired, wireless, and hybrid technologies. Lightweight IoT protocols can compensate for IoT devices with restricted hardware characteristics in terms of storage, Central Processing Unit (CPU), energy, etc. Hence, it is critical to identify the optimal communication protocol for system architects. This necessitates an evaluation of next-generation networks with improved characteristics for connectivity. This paper highlights significant wireless and wired IoT technologies and their applications, offering a new categorization for conventional IoT network protocols. It provides an in-depth analysis of IoT communication protocols with detailed technical information about their stacks, limitations, and applications. The study further compares industrial IoT-compliant devices and software simulation tools. Finally, the study provides a summary of the current challenges, along with a broad overview of the future directions to tackle the challenges, in the next IoT generation. This study aims to provide a comprehensive primer on IoT concepts, protocols, and future insights that academics and professionals can use in various contexts.

Suggested Citation

  • Mohammad Mansour & Amal Gamal & Ahmed I. Ahmed & Lobna A. Said & Abdelmoniem Elbaz & Norbert Herencsar & Ahmed Soltan, 2023. "Internet of Things: A Comprehensive Overview on Protocols, Architectures, Technologies, Simulation Tools, and Future Directions," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(8), pages 1-39, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:16:y:2023:i:8:p:3465-:d:1124111
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/16/8/3465/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/16/8/3465/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Cédric Lavenu & Cédric Chauvenet & Paolo Treffiletti & Matteo Varesio & Klaus Hueske, 2021. "Standardization Challenges, Opportunities and Recent Evolutions for the G3-PLC Technology," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(7), pages 1-18, March.
    2. Beom-Su Kim & Tae-Eung Sung & Ki-Il Kim, 2020. "An NS-3 Implementation and Experimental Performance Analysis of IEEE 802.15.6 Standard under Different Deployment Scenarios," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(11), pages 1-31, June.
    3. Dmitry Bankov & Evgeny Khorov & Andrey Lyakhov & Mark Sandal, 2019. "Enabling real-time applications in Wi-Fi networks," International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks, , vol. 15(5), pages 15501477198, May.
    4. Luiz Oliveira & Joel J. P. C. Rodrigues & Sergei A. Kozlov & Ricardo A. L. Rabêlo & Victor Hugo C. de Albuquerque, 2019. "MAC Layer Protocols for Internet of Things: A Survey," Future Internet, MDPI, vol. 11(1), pages 1-42, January.
    5. Andrzej Michalski & Zbigniew Watral, 2021. "Problems of Powering End Devices in Wireless Networks of the Internet of Things," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(9), pages 1-15, April.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Rafał Różycki & Grzegorz Waligóra, 2023. "Energy-Aware Evolutionary Algorithm for Scheduling Jobs of Charging Electric Vehicles in an Autonomous Charging Station," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(18), pages 1-25, September.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Kirill Chemrov & Dmitry Bankov & Evgeny Khorov & Andrey Lyakhov, 2022. "Smart Preliminary Channel Access to Support Real-Time Traffic in Wi-Fi Networks," Future Internet, MDPI, vol. 14(10), pages 1-14, October.
    2. N. Suresh Kumar & G. Santhosh Kumar & S. Shailesh & A. Sreekumar, 2024. "Novel abstraction methods for TDMA based MAC protocols: Case of IIoT MAC Wireless HART Verification," Telecommunication Systems: Modelling, Analysis, Design and Management, Springer, vol. 85(1), pages 125-150, January.
    3. Abdallah Y. Alma’aitah & Mohammad A. Massad, 2021. "Reader–Tag Commands via Modulation Cutoff Intervals in RFID Systems," Future Internet, MDPI, vol. 13(9), pages 1-13, September.
    4. Georgios Tsoumanis & Asterios Papamichail & Vasileios Dragonas & George Koufoudakis & Constantinos T. Angelis & Konstantinos Oikonomou, 2020. "Implementation of a Topology Independent MAC (TiMAC) Policy on a Low-Cost IoT System," Future Internet, MDPI, vol. 12(5), pages 1-13, May.
    5. Nikolaos Schizas & Aristeidis Karras & Christos Karras & Spyros Sioutas, 2022. "TinyML for Ultra-Low Power AI and Large Scale IoT Deployments: A Systematic Review," Future Internet, MDPI, vol. 14(12), pages 1-45, December.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:16:y:2023:i:8:p:3465-:d:1124111. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.