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Internet of Things: A Comprehensive Overview on Protocols, Architectures, Technologies, Simulation Tools, and Future Directions

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  • Mohammad Mansour

    (Nanoelectronics Integrated Systems Center (NISC), Nile University, Giza 12588, Egypt)

  • Amal Gamal

    (Nanoelectronics Integrated Systems Center (NISC), Nile University, Giza 12588, Egypt)

  • Ahmed I. Ahmed

    (Nanoelectronics Integrated Systems Center (NISC), Nile University, Giza 12588, Egypt)

  • Lobna A. Said

    (Nanoelectronics Integrated Systems Center (NISC), Nile University, Giza 12588, Egypt)

  • Abdelmoniem Elbaz

    (El Sewedy Electrometer Group, Cairo 12451, Egypt)

  • Norbert Herencsar

    (Department of Telecommunications, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 12, 616 00 Brno, Czech Republic)

  • Ahmed Soltan

    (Nanoelectronics Integrated Systems Center (NISC), Nile University, Giza 12588, Egypt)

Abstract

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a global network of interconnected computing, sensing, and networking devices that can exchange data and information via various network protocols. It can connect numerous smart devices thanks to recent advances in wired, wireless, and hybrid technologies. Lightweight IoT protocols can compensate for IoT devices with restricted hardware characteristics in terms of storage, Central Processing Unit (CPU), energy, etc. Hence, it is critical to identify the optimal communication protocol for system architects. This necessitates an evaluation of next-generation networks with improved characteristics for connectivity. This paper highlights significant wireless and wired IoT technologies and their applications, offering a new categorization for conventional IoT network protocols. It provides an in-depth analysis of IoT communication protocols with detailed technical information about their stacks, limitations, and applications. The study further compares industrial IoT-compliant devices and software simulation tools. Finally, the study provides a summary of the current challenges, along with a broad overview of the future directions to tackle the challenges, in the next IoT generation. This study aims to provide a comprehensive primer on IoT concepts, protocols, and future insights that academics and professionals can use in various contexts.

Suggested Citation

  • Mohammad Mansour & Amal Gamal & Ahmed I. Ahmed & Lobna A. Said & Abdelmoniem Elbaz & Norbert Herencsar & Ahmed Soltan, 2023. "Internet of Things: A Comprehensive Overview on Protocols, Architectures, Technologies, Simulation Tools, and Future Directions," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(8), pages 1-39, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:16:y:2023:i:8:p:3465-:d:1124111
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    2. Beom-Su Kim & Tae-Eung Sung & Ki-Il Kim, 2020. "An NS-3 Implementation and Experimental Performance Analysis of IEEE 802.15.6 Standard under Different Deployment Scenarios," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(11), pages 1-31, June.
    3. Luiz Oliveira & Joel J. P. C. Rodrigues & Sergei A. Kozlov & Ricardo A. L. Rabêlo & Victor Hugo C. de Albuquerque, 2019. "MAC Layer Protocols for Internet of Things: A Survey," Future Internet, MDPI, vol. 11(1), pages 1-42, January.
    4. Dmitry Bankov & Evgeny Khorov & Andrey Lyakhov & Mark Sandal, 2019. "Enabling real-time applications in Wi-Fi networks," International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks, , vol. 15(5), pages 15501477198, May.
    5. Andrzej Michalski & Zbigniew Watral, 2021. "Problems of Powering End Devices in Wireless Networks of the Internet of Things," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(9), pages 1-15, April.
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    Cited by:

    1. Rafał Różycki & Grzegorz Waligóra, 2023. "Energy-Aware Evolutionary Algorithm for Scheduling Jobs of Charging Electric Vehicles in an Autonomous Charging Station," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(18), pages 1-25, September.

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