IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v16y2023i6p2759-d1098614.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Optimization of the Electrochemical Discharge of Spent Li-Ion Batteries from Electric Vehicles for Direct Recycling

Author

Listed:
  • Hyunseok Lee

    (EV, ESS Battery Reuse & Refabrication Center, Korea Battery Industry Association, 391-1 Dongsu-dong, Naju-si 58277, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea
    Department of Fine Chemistry, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, 232 Gongneung-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea)

  • Yu-Tack Kim

    (EV, ESS Battery Reuse & Refabrication Center, Korea Battery Industry Association, 391-1 Dongsu-dong, Naju-si 58277, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea)

  • Seung-Woo Lee

    (Department of Fine Chemistry, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, 232 Gongneung-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea
    Center for Biofunctional Materials, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, 232 Gongneung-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea)

Abstract

Numerous studies have been conducted on spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) recycled from electric vehicles. Research on pre-processing techniques to safely disassemble spent LIB packs has mainly focused on water-based discharge methods, such as salt-water discharge. However, salt-water discharge corrodes the electrodes and case, causing internal contamination. Therefore, we propose an electrical discharge process that is suitable for the direct recycling and safe disassembly of spent Li-ion batteries. Spent LIBs from electric vehicles (EV) that were scrapped after EV operation were recovered and electrochemically discharged to voltages of 0, 1, 2, and 2.5 V. These discharged spent LIBs were analyzed through X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The spent LIB with a state-of-health (SoH) of 66.8% exhibited significantly increased swelling and bulging when over-discharged. Notably, the discharging of the spent battery to 0 V increased the thickness of the cell by 115%, which could result in a fire and/or explosion. After being discharged to 0 V, the voltage was able to recover to 2.689 V. The appropriate voltage for the discharge process was estimated to be 2.5 V. The proposed electrical discharge process will be suitable for the direct recycling of spent LIBs in the form of pouch cells.

Suggested Citation

  • Hyunseok Lee & Yu-Tack Kim & Seung-Woo Lee, 2023. "Optimization of the Electrochemical Discharge of Spent Li-Ion Batteries from Electric Vehicles for Direct Recycling," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(6), pages 1-12, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:16:y:2023:i:6:p:2759-:d:1098614
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/16/6/2759/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/16/6/2759/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Shen, Sheng & Sadoughi, Mohammadkazem & Li, Meng & Wang, Zhengdao & Hu, Chao, 2020. "Deep convolutional neural networks with ensemble learning and transfer learning for capacity estimation of lithium-ion batteries," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 260(C).
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Zhang, Yajun & Liu, Yajie & Wang, Jia & Zhang, Tao, 2022. "State-of-health estimation for lithium-ion batteries by combining model-based incremental capacity analysis with support vector regression," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 239(PB).
    2. Jia Tian & Xingqin Zhang & Shuangqing Zheng & Zhiyong Liu & Changshu Zhan, 2024. "Synergising an Advanced Optimisation Technique with Deep Learning: A Novel Method in Fault Warning Systems," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 12(9), pages 1-25, April.
    3. Wang, Yixiu & Zhu, Jiangong & Cao, Liang & Gopaluni, Bhushan & Cao, Yankai, 2023. "Long Short-Term Memory Network with Transfer Learning for Lithium-ion Battery Capacity Fade and Cycle Life Prediction," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 350(C).
    4. Hu, Chunsheng & Ma, Liang & Guo, Shanshan & Guo, Gangsheng & Han, Zhiqiang, 2022. "Deep learning enabled state-of-charge estimation of LiFePO4 batteries: A systematic validation on state-of-the-art charging protocols," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 246(C).
    5. Fan, Cheng & Sun, Yongjun & Xiao, Fu & Ma, Jie & Lee, Dasheng & Wang, Jiayuan & Tseng, Yen Chieh, 2020. "Statistical investigations of transfer learning-based methodology for short-term building energy predictions," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 262(C).
    6. Li, Yihuan & Li, Kang & Liu, Xuan & Li, Xiang & Zhang, Li & Rente, Bruno & Sun, Tong & Grattan, Kenneth T.V., 2022. "A hybrid machine learning framework for joint SOC and SOH estimation of lithium-ion batteries assisted with fiber sensor measurements," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 325(C).
    7. Cao, Mengda & Zhang, Tao & Liu, Yajie & Zhang, Yajun & Wang, Yu & Li, Kaiwen, 2022. "An ensemble learning prognostic method for capacity estimation of lithium-ion batteries based on the V-IOWGA operator," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 257(C).
    8. Li, Penghua & Zhang, Zijian & Grosu, Radu & Deng, Zhongwei & Hou, Jie & Rong, Yujun & Wu, Rui, 2022. "An end-to-end neural network framework for state-of-health estimation and remaining useful life prediction of electric vehicle lithium batteries," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 156(C).
    9. Tian, Yong & Dong, Qianyuan & Tian, Jindong & Li, Xiaoyu & Li, Guang & Mehran, Kamyar, 2023. "Capacity estimation of lithium-ion batteries based on optimized charging voltage section and virtual sample generation," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 332(C).
    10. Yang, Dan & Peng, Xin & Ye, Zhencheng & Lu, Yusheng & Zhong, Weimin, 2021. "Domain adaptation network with uncertainty modeling and its application to the online energy consumption prediction of ethylene distillation processes," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 303(C).
    11. Xiaolu Wei & Yubo Tian & Na Li & Huanxin Peng, 2024. "Evaluating ensemble learning techniques for stock index trend prediction: a case of China," Portuguese Economic Journal, Springer;Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestao, vol. 23(3), pages 505-530, September.
    12. Kong, Jin-zhen & Yang, Fangfang & Zhang, Xi & Pan, Ershun & Peng, Zhike & Wang, Dong, 2021. "Voltage-temperature health feature extraction to improve prognostics and health management of lithium-ion batteries," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 223(C).
    13. Lyu, Guangzheng & Zhang, Heng & Miao, Qiang, 2023. "An interpretable state of health estimation method for lithium-ion batteries based on multi-category and multi-stage features," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 283(C).
    14. Wang, Zhe & Yang, Fangfang & Xu, Qiang & Wang, Yongjian & Yan, Hong & Xie, Min, 2023. "Capacity estimation of lithium-ion batteries based on data aggregation and feature fusion via graph neural network," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 336(C).
    15. Tien, Paige Wenbin & Wei, Shuangyu & Liu, Tianshu & Calautit, John & Darkwa, Jo & Wood, Christopher, 2021. "A deep learning approach towards the detection and recognition of opening of windows for effective management of building ventilation heat losses and reducing space heating demand," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 177(C), pages 603-625.
    16. Zhu, Yuli & Jiang, Bo & Zhu, Jiangong & Wang, Xueyuan & Wang, Rong & Wei, Xuezhe & Dai, Haifeng, 2023. "Adaptive state of health estimation for lithium-ion batteries using impedance-based timescale information and ensemble learning," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 284(C).
    17. Guo, Yongfang & Yu, Xiangyuan & Wang, Yashuang & Huang, Kai, 2024. "Health prognostics of lithium-ion batteries based on universal voltage range features mining and adaptive multi-Gaussian process regression with Harris Hawks optimization algorithm," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 244(C).
    18. Sui, Xin & He, Shan & Vilsen, Søren B. & Meng, Jinhao & Teodorescu, Remus & Stroe, Daniel-Ioan, 2021. "A review of non-probabilistic machine learning-based state of health estimation techniques for Lithium-ion battery," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 300(C).
    19. Li, Jinwen & Deng, Zhongwei & Liu, Hongao & Xie, Yi & Liu, Chuan & Lu, Chen, 2022. "Battery capacity trajectory prediction by capturing the correlation between different vehicles," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 260(C).
    20. Li, Qingbo & Lu, Taolin & Lai, Chunyan & Li, Jiwei & Pan, Long & Ma, Changjun & Zhu, Yunpeng & Xie, Jingying, 2024. "Lithium-ion battery capacity estimation based on fragment charging data using deep residual shrinkage networks and uncertainty evaluation," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 290(C).

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:16:y:2023:i:6:p:2759-:d:1098614. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.