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Water Content in Transformer Insulation System: A Review on the Detection and Quantification Methods

Author

Listed:
  • Siti Rosilah Arsad

    (Institute of Sustainable Energy, Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia)

  • Pin Jern Ker

    (Institute of Sustainable Energy, Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia)

  • Md. Zaini Jamaludin

    (Institute of Power Engineering, Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia)

  • Pooi Ying Choong

    (Institute of Sustainable Energy, Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia)

  • Hui Jing Lee

    (Institute of Power Engineering, Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia)

  • Vimal Angela Thiviyanathan

    (Institute of Sustainable Energy, Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia)

  • Young Zaidey Yang Ghazali

    (Tenaga Nasional Bhd., Petaling Jaya 46200, Selangor, Malaysia)

Abstract

Water can be an irritant to a power transformer, as it is recognized as a major hazard to the operation of transformers. The water content of a transformer insulation system comprises the water in the transformer insulation oil and in the cellulose paper. The increase in the water content in the insulation system leads to reduced breakdown voltage, accelerated aging of the oil–paper insulation system, and the possibility of producing bubbles at high temperatures. Therefore, various techniques have been applied to measure the water content in both oil and paper insulation. This article comprehensively reviews and analyzes the methods (technically or nontechnically) that have been used to monitor the water content in transformer insulation systems. Apart from discussing the advantages and major drawbacks of these methods, the accuracy, measurement time, and cost of each technique are also elucidated in this review. This review can be extremely useful to the utility in monitoring and maintaining the good condition of transformers. Based on the reviewed methods and their challenges, a few future research directions and prospects for determining the water content in transformer insulation systems are outlined, such as utilizing artificial intelligence and enhancing current techniques.

Suggested Citation

  • Siti Rosilah Arsad & Pin Jern Ker & Md. Zaini Jamaludin & Pooi Ying Choong & Hui Jing Lee & Vimal Angela Thiviyanathan & Young Zaidey Yang Ghazali, 2023. "Water Content in Transformer Insulation System: A Review on the Detection and Quantification Methods," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(4), pages 1-31, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:16:y:2023:i:4:p:1920-:d:1069170
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Jiangjun Ruan & Shuo Jin & Zhiye Du & Yiming Xie & Lin Zhu & Yu Tian & Ruohan Gong & Guannan Li & Min Xiong, 2017. "Condition Assessment of Paper Insulation in Oil-Immersed Power Transformers Based on the Iterative Inversion of Resistivity," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(4), pages 1-15, April.
    2. Issouf Fofana & Yazid Hadjadj, 2016. "Electrical-Based Diagnostic Techniques for Assessing Insulation Condition in Aged Transformers," Energies, MDPI, vol. 9(9), pages 1-26, August.
    3. Janvier Sylvestre N’cho & Issouf Fofana & Yazid Hadjadj & Abderrahmane Beroual, 2016. "Review of Physicochemical-Based Diagnostic Techniques for Assessing Insulation Condition in Aged Transformers," Energies, MDPI, vol. 9(5), pages 1-29, May.
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    Cited by:

    1. Ghada Gmati & Ungarala Mohan Rao & Issouf Fofana & Patrick Picher & Oscar Arroyo-Fernàndez & Djamal Rebaine, 2023. "Bubbling Phenomena in Liquid-Filled Transformers: Background and Assessment," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(9), pages 1-23, April.
    2. Piotr Przybylek, 2024. "Methanol Equilibrium Curves of Power Transformer Oil–Paper Insulation," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(21), pages 1-15, October.

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