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Synthesis of (Cu,Mn,Co) 3 O 4 Spinel: Effects of Citrate-to-Nitrate Ratio on Its Homogeneity and Electrical Properties

Author

Listed:
  • Joelle C. W. Mah

    (Fuel Cell Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia)

  • Isyraf Aznam

    (Fuel Cell Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
    Material Sciences Division, Gaia Science (M) Sdn Bhd, Puchong 47100, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia)

  • Andanastuti Muchtar

    (Fuel Cell Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
    Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia)

  • Mahendra Rao Somalu

    (Fuel Cell Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia)

  • Jarot Raharjo

    (Research Center for Advanced Materials, National Research and Innovation Agency, Puspiptek, South Tangerang 15314, Banten, Indonesia)

Abstract

The (Cu,Mn,Co) 3 O 4 (CMC) spinel layer is useful in inhibiting Cr vaporization that deteriorates the solid oxide fuel cell performance. The effectiveness of the spinel layer in suppressing volatile Cr species from the metallic interconnects is strongly dependent on layer density, which is influenced by particle size distributions and agglomerations of the spinel powders. Considering that the material properties were influenced by the synthesizing conditions, this study elucidated the influences of citric acid (fuel) on the structure, morphology, and electrical properties of sol–gel derived CMC spinel powders. Dual-phase CMC spinel powders, consisting of cubic CuMnCoO and tetragonal Mn 2 CoO 4 , were successfully synthesized at citrate-to-nitrate (CA/MN) ratios of 0.8, 1.0, and 1.2. An undesired CuCo 2 O 4 phase was observed in spinel powders synthesized at a low CA/MN ratio of 0.5. The CA/MN ratio has influenced not only the phase formation of CMC spinel, but also the particle size distributions. The CA/MN ratio of 1.0 yielded the finest CMC spinel with the least agglomerates, which then produced the highest electrical conductivity of 116 Scm −1 . Therefore, the CA/MN ratio of 1.0 was recommended for the synthesis of CMC spinel, which can be used in fabricating the protective coating of solid oxide fuel cell interconnects.

Suggested Citation

  • Joelle C. W. Mah & Isyraf Aznam & Andanastuti Muchtar & Mahendra Rao Somalu & Jarot Raharjo, 2023. "Synthesis of (Cu,Mn,Co) 3 O 4 Spinel: Effects of Citrate-to-Nitrate Ratio on Its Homogeneity and Electrical Properties," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(3), pages 1-11, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:16:y:2023:i:3:p:1382-:d:1051601
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Mahmud, L.S. & Muchtar, A. & Somalu, M.R., 2017. "Challenges in fabricating planar solid oxide fuel cells: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 72(C), pages 105-116.
    2. Zhou, Lingfeng & Mason, Jerry H. & Li, Wenyuan & Liu, Xingbo, 2020. "Comprehensive review of chromium deposition and poisoning of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) cathode materials," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 134(C).
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