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Ion Exchange Resin and Entrapped Candida rugosa Lipase for Biodiesel Synthesis in the Recirculating Packed-Bed Reactor: A Performance Comparison of Heterogeneous Catalysts

Author

Listed:
  • Ibnu Maulana Hidayatullah

    (Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia)

  • Frederick Soetandar

    (Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia)

  • Pingkan Vanessa Sudiyasa

    (Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia)

  • Patrick Cognet

    (Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, CNRS, INPT, UPS, Université de Toulouse, 31432 Toulouse, France)

  • Heri Hermansyah

    (Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia)

Abstract

Ion exchange resins and immobilized lipase as heterogeneous catalysts are used to synthesize biodiesel for alternative fossil fuels. The use of ion exchange resins in the solid and activated phase can ease the separation process. Furthermore, resins can be reactivated and used repeatedly, reducing the need for catalysts. On the other hand, an immobilized enzyme is biodegradable and can catalyze the transesterification process to produce biodiesel with a lower alcohol-to-oil ratio, minimizing side reactions and impurities. Therefore, the catalysts used in this study are ion exchange resins, such as Lewatit MP-64, Amberlite IRA410Cl, and Diaion PK208LH, as well as immobilized Candida rugosa lipase. By using vegetable oil as a feedstock and methanol for the transesterification, biodiesel production was carried out in a packed bed reactor. The present study aims to investigate the optimum process parameters, including the concentration of resin and enzyme, resin activation time, resin types, flowrate, and stability of resin and enzyme on the biodiesel yield. The results showed that the optimum conditions for biodiesel production with ion exchange resin were 4 g of resin, activated for 3 h, and synthesized for 3 h; Lewatit obtained a biodiesel yield of 94.06%, Amberlite obtained 90.00%, and Diaion obtained 73.88%. Additionally, the stability test of the reactivated Lewatit resin showed that it still has the capability of producing biodiesel with a yield of more than 80% after three regeneration cycles. In contrast, Candida rugosa lipase as was immobilized by entrapment in sodium alginate before being used in the biodiesel production for 12 h. The results showed that lower flowrate in enzymatic biodiesel synthesis produced a higher amount of biodiesel, of up to 71.1%. Nonetheless, immobilized lipases can be used up to three times without a significant loss in biodiesel yield.

Suggested Citation

  • Ibnu Maulana Hidayatullah & Frederick Soetandar & Pingkan Vanessa Sudiyasa & Patrick Cognet & Heri Hermansyah, 2023. "Ion Exchange Resin and Entrapped Candida rugosa Lipase for Biodiesel Synthesis in the Recirculating Packed-Bed Reactor: A Performance Comparison of Heterogeneous Catalysts," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(12), pages 1-17, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:16:y:2023:i:12:p:4765-:d:1172974
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Hernández-Montelongo, Rosaura & García-Sandoval, Juan Paulo & González-Álvarez, Alejandro & Dochain, Denis & Aguilar-Garnica, Efrén, 2018. "Biodiesel production in a continuous packed bed reactor with recycle: A modeling approach for an esterification system," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 116(PA), pages 857-865.
    2. Hoang Chinh Nguyen & Dinh Thi My Huong & Horng-Yi Juan & Chia-Hung Su & Chien-Chung Chien, 2018. "Liquid Lipase-Catalyzed Esterification of Oleic Acid with Methanol for Biodiesel Production in the Presence of Superabsorbent Polymer: Optimization by Using Response Surface Methodology," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(5), pages 1-12, April.
    3. Tran, Dang-Thuan & Chang, Jo-Shu & Lee, Duu-Jong, 2017. "Recent insights into continuous-flow biodiesel production via catalytic and non-catalytic transesterification processes," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 185(P1), pages 376-409.
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