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Bio-Crude Production from Protein-Extracted Grass Residue through Hydrothermal Liquefaction

Author

Listed:
  • Saqib Sohail Toor

    (Department of Energy, Aalborg University, Pontoppidanstræde 111, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark)

  • Ayaz Ali Shah

    (Department of Energy & Environment Engineering, Dawood University of Engineering & Technology, New M. A. Jinnah Road, Jamshed Quarters Muslimabad, Karachi 74800, Sindh, Pakistan)

  • Kamaldeep Sharma

    (Department of Energy, Aalborg University, Pontoppidanstræde 111, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark)

  • Tahir Hussain Seehar

    (Department of Energy & Environment Engineering, Dawood University of Engineering & Technology, New M. A. Jinnah Road, Jamshed Quarters Muslimabad, Karachi 74800, Sindh, Pakistan)

  • Thomas Helmer Pedersen

    (Department of Energy, Aalborg University, Pontoppidanstræde 111, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark)

  • Lasse Aistrup Rosendahl

    (Department of Energy, Aalborg University, Pontoppidanstræde 111, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark)

Abstract

In the present study, the protein-extracted grass residue (press cake) was processed through hydrothermal liquefaction under sub and supercritical temperatures (300, 350 and 400 °C) with and without using a potassium carbonate catalyst. The results revealed that bio-crude yield was influenced by both temperature and the catalyst. The catalyst was found to be effective at 350 °C (350 Cat) for enhancing the bio-crude yield, whereas supercritical state in both catalytic and non-catalytic conditions improved the quality of bio-crude with reasonable HHVs (33 to 36 MJ/kg). The thermal behaviour of bio-crude was analysed and higher volatile contents (more than 50% under the range of 350 °C) were found at supercritical conditions. The overall TOC values in the residual aqueous phase varied from 22 to 38 g/L. Higher carbon loss was noticed in the aqueous phase in supercritical conditions. Furthermore, GCMS analysis showed ketones, acids and ester, aromatics and hydrocarbon with negligible nitrogen-containing compounds in bio-crude. In conclusion, the catalytic conversion of grass residue under subcritical conditions (350 Cat) is favourable in terms of high bio-crude yield, however, supercritical conditions promote the deoxygenation of oxygen-containing compounds in biomass and thus improve HHVs of bio-crude.

Suggested Citation

  • Saqib Sohail Toor & Ayaz Ali Shah & Kamaldeep Sharma & Tahir Hussain Seehar & Thomas Helmer Pedersen & Lasse Aistrup Rosendahl, 2022. "Bio-Crude Production from Protein-Extracted Grass Residue through Hydrothermal Liquefaction," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(1), pages 1-15, January.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:15:y:2022:i:1:p:364-:d:717859
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Kumar, Mayank & Olajire Oyedun, Adetoyese & Kumar, Amit, 2018. "A review on the current status of various hydrothermal technologies on biomass feedstock," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 81(P2), pages 1742-1770.
    2. Goyal, H.B. & Seal, Diptendu & Saxena, R.C., 2008. "Bio-fuels from thermochemical conversion of renewable resources: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 12(2), pages 504-517, February.
    3. Tian, Shuang-Qi & Zhao, Ren-Yong & Chen, Zhi-Cheng, 2018. "Review of the pretreatment and bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass from wheat straw materials," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 91(C), pages 483-489.
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    1. Weida Fu & Yiping Lu & Fei Shen & Longwei Mei & Songlin Wang & Youlian Lu & Lingbo Zhu & Shinian Fu & Jianfei Tong, 2022. "Study on Convective Heat Transfer Characteristics of Supercritical Liquid Hydrogen in a U-Type Tube inside a Moderator," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(10), pages 1-15, May.

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