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A Critical Review of Modular Multilevel Converter Configurations and Submodule Topologies from DC Fault Blocking and Ride-Through Capabilities Viewpoints for HVDC Applications

Author

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  • Munif Nazmus Sakib

    (Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. W., Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada)

  • Sahar Pirooz Azad

    (Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. W., Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada)

  • Mehrdad Kazerani

    (Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. W., Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada)

Abstract

Modular multilevel converters (MMCs) based on half-bridge submodules (HBSMs) are unable to prevent the AC side contribution to DC side fault currents, thus necessitating circuit breakers (CBs) for protection. A solution to this problem is using submodules (SMs) that are capable of blocking the flow of current from the AC grid to feed the DC side fault. The full-bridge submodule (FBSM) is one type of fault blocking SM where the presence of two extra switches ensures that in the event of a DC fault, the reverse voltage from the FBSM capacitor is placed in the path of the AC side current feeding the DC side fault through the antiparallel diodes. However, the additional semiconductor switches in the FBSMs increase the converter cost, complexity, and losses. Several SM configurations have been proposed in recent years that provide DC fault blocking capability with lower losses and device counts than those of FBSMs. Besides, many of the proposed hybrid converter configurations that combine different topologies to optimize converter performance are also capable of providing DC fault blocking. Furthermore, certain SM topologies are capable of riding through DC faults by remaining deblocked and operating in static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) mode to provide reactive power support to the AC grid. In this paper, noteworthy SM and MMC configurations capable of DC fault blocking and ride-through are reviewed and compared in terms of component requirements, semiconductor losses, and DC fault handing capability. The review also includes a discussion on control strategies for MMC arm/leg energy balancing during STATCOM operation.

Suggested Citation

  • Munif Nazmus Sakib & Sahar Pirooz Azad & Mehrdad Kazerani, 2022. "A Critical Review of Modular Multilevel Converter Configurations and Submodule Topologies from DC Fault Blocking and Ride-Through Capabilities Viewpoints for HVDC Applications," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(11), pages 1-32, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:15:y:2022:i:11:p:4176-:d:832827
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Kailun Wang & Qiang Song & Shukai Xu, 2022. "Analysis and Design of the Energy Storage Requirement of Hybrid Modular Multilevel Converters Using Numerical Integration and Iterative Solution," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(3), pages 1-18, February.
    2. Yingjie Wang & Bo Yang & Huifang Zuo & Haiyuan Liu & Haohao Yan, 2018. "A DC Short-Circuit Fault Ride Through Strategy of MMC-HVDC Based on the Cascaded Star Converter," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(8), pages 1-14, August.
    3. Zheng Xu & Huangqing Xiao & Liang Xiao & Zheren Zhang, 2018. "DC Fault Analysis and Clearance Solutions of MMC-HVDC Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(4), pages 1-16, April.
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    Cited by:

    1. Jahangeer Badar Soomro & Faheem Akhtar Chachar & Madad Ali Shah & Abdul Aziz Memon & Faisal Alsaif & Sager Alsulamy, 2023. "Optimized Circulating Current Control and Enhanced AC Fault Ride-through Capability Using Model Predictive Control for MMC-HVDC Applications," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(13), pages 1-19, July.
    2. Mohamed Radwan & Sahar Pirooz Azad, 2022. "Protection of Multi-Terminal HVDC Grids: A Comprehensive Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(24), pages 1-37, December.
    3. Nanang Hariyanto & Niko B. Simamora & Kevin M. Banjar-Nahor & Hendry Timotiyas Paradongan, 2024. "Analysis of Optimal HVDC Back-to-Back Placement Based on Composite System Reliability," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(19), pages 1-27, October.
    4. Munif Nazmus Sakib & Sahar Pirooz Azad & Mehrdad Kazerani, 2022. "Fast DC Fault Current Suppression and Fault Ride-Through in Full-Bridge MMCs via Reverse SM Capacitor Discharge," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(13), pages 1-23, June.
    5. Fayun Zhou & Xinxing Xiang & Fujun Ma & Yichao Wang & Fangyuan Zhou & Peng Peng, 2023. "An Improved Phase-Disposition Pulse Width Modulation Method for Hybrid Modular Multilevel Converter," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(3), pages 1-25, January.

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