IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v15y2021i1p156-d711956.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Potential Use of Constructed Wetland Systems for Rural Sanitation and Wastewater Reuse in Agriculture in the Moroccan Context

Author

Listed:
  • Meryem Hdidou

    (International Water Research Institute (IWRI), Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Ben Guerir 43150, Morocco)

  • Mohamed Chaker Necibi

    (International Water Research Institute (IWRI), Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Ben Guerir 43150, Morocco)

  • Jérôme Labille

    (Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, IRD, INRAE, Coll France, CEREGE, 13545 Aix en Provence, France)

  • Souad El Hajjaji

    (International Water Research Institute (IWRI), Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Ben Guerir 43150, Morocco
    Centre Eau, Ressources Naturelles, Environnement et Développement Durable (CERNE2D), Mohammed V University, Rabat 10090, Morocco)

  • Driss Dhiba

    (International Water Research Institute (IWRI), Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Ben Guerir 43150, Morocco)

  • Abdelghani Chehbouni

    (International Water Research Institute (IWRI), Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Ben Guerir 43150, Morocco)

  • Nicolas Roche

    (International Water Research Institute (IWRI), Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Ben Guerir 43150, Morocco
    Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, IRD, INRAE, Coll France, CEREGE, 13545 Aix en Provence, France)

Abstract

Located in a semi-arid to arid region, Morocco is confronting increasing water scarcity challenges. In the circular economy paradigm, the reuse of treated wastewater in agriculture is currently considered a possible solution to mitigate water shortage and pollution problems. In recent years, Morocco has made significative progress in urban wastewater treatment under the National Wastewater Program (PNA). However, rural sanitation has undergone significant delays. Therefore, an alternative technology for wastewater treatment and reuse in rural areas is investigated in this review, considering the region’s economic, social, and regulatory characteristics. Constructed wetlands (CWs) are a simple, sustainable, and cost-effective technology that has yet to be fully explored in Morocco. CWs, indeed, appear to be suitable for the treatment and reuse of wastewater in remote rural areas if they can produce effluent that meets the standards of agricultural irrigation. In this review, 29 studies covering 16 countries and different types of wastewater were collected and studied to assess the treatment efficiency of different types of CWs under different design and operational parameters, as well as their potential application in agricultural reuse. The results demonstrated that the removal efficiency of conventional contamination such as organic matter and suspended solids is generally high. CWs also demonstrated a remarkable capacity to remove heavy metals and emerging contaminants such as pharmaceuticals, care products, etc. The removal of microbial contamination, on the other hand, is challenging, and does not satisfy the standards all the time. However, it can be improved using hybrid constructed wetlands or by adding polishing treatment. In addition, several studies reported that CWs managed to produce effluent that met the requirements of wastewater reuse in agriculture of different countries or organisations including Morocco.

Suggested Citation

  • Meryem Hdidou & Mohamed Chaker Necibi & Jérôme Labille & Souad El Hajjaji & Driss Dhiba & Abdelghani Chehbouni & Nicolas Roche, 2021. "Potential Use of Constructed Wetland Systems for Rural Sanitation and Wastewater Reuse in Agriculture in the Moroccan Context," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(1), pages 1-26, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:15:y:2021:i:1:p:156-:d:711956
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/15/1/156/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/15/1/156/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Elgallal, M. & Fletcher, L. & Evans, B., 2016. "Assessment of potential risks associated with chemicals in wastewater used for irrigation in arid and semiarid zones: A review," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 177(C), pages 419-431.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Yanqin Zhang & Xianli You & Shanjun Huang & Minhua Wang & Jianwen Dong, 2022. "Knowledge Atlas on the Relationship between Water Management and Constructed Wetlands—A Bibliometric Analysis Based on CiteSpace," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(14), pages 1-28, July.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Alfredo Valdes Ramos & Elsa N. Aguilera Gonzalez & Gloria Tobón Echeverri & Luis Samaniego Moreno & Lourdes Díaz Jiménez & Salvador Carlos Hernández, 2019. "Potential Uses of Treated Municipal Wastewater in a Semiarid Region of Mexico," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(8), pages 1-23, April.
    2. J. Jed Brown & Probir Das & Mohammad Al-Saidi, 2018. "Sustainable Agriculture in the Arabian/Persian Gulf Region Utilizing Marginal Water Resources: Making the Best of a Bad Situation," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(5), pages 1-16, April.
    3. Feder, Frédéric, 2021. "Irrigation with treated wastewater in humid regions: Effects on Nitisols, sugarcane yield and quality," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 247(C).
    4. Jemal Fito & Stijn W. H. Hulle, 2021. "Wastewater reclamation and reuse potentials in agriculture: towards environmental sustainability," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 23(3), pages 2949-2972, March.
    5. Hashmat, Sherjeel & Shahid, Muhammad & Tanwir, Kashif & Abbas, Saghir & Ali, Qasim & Niazi, Nabeel Khan & Akram, Muhammad Sohail & Saleem, Muhammad Hamzah & Javed, Muhammad Tariq, 2021. "Elucidating distinct oxidative stress management, nutrient acquisition and yield responses of Pisum sativum L. fertigated with diluted and treated wastewater," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 247(C).
    6. Cakmakci, Talip & Sahin, Ustun, 2021. "Improving silage maize productivity using recycled wastewater under different irrigation methods," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 255(C).
    7. Wu, Wenyong & Ma, Meng & Hu, Yaqi & Yu, Wenchao & Liu, Honglu & Bao, Zhe, 2021. "The fate and impacts of pharmaceuticals and personal care products and microbes in agricultural soils with long term irrigation with reclaimed water," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 251(C).
    8. Salar Rezapour & Amin Nouri & Hawzhin M. Jalil & Shawn A. Hawkins & Scott B. Lukas, 2021. "Influence of Treated Wastewater Irrigation on Soil Nutritional-Chemical Attributes Using Soil Quality Index," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(4), pages 1-21, February.
    9. Nicoleta Ungureanu & Valentin Vlăduț & Gheorghe Voicu, 2020. "Water Scarcity and Wastewater Reuse in Crop Irrigation," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(21), pages 1-18, October.
    10. Echchelh, Alban & Hess, Tim & Sakrabani, Ruben, 2018. "Reusing oil and gas produced water for irrigation of food crops in drylands," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 206(C), pages 124-134.
    11. Tahereh Setayeshmanesh & Mohammad Mehdi Parivazh & Mohsen Abbasi & Shahriar Osfouri & Mohammad Javad Dianat & Mohammad Akrami, 2022. "Reducing the Environmental Impacts of Desalination Reject Brine Using Modified Solvay Process Based on Calcium Oxide," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(4), pages 1-24, February.
    12. Sinda Bekir & Rahma Inès Zoghlami & Khaoula Boudabbous & Mohamed Naceur Khelil & Mohammed Moussa & Rim Ghrib & Oumaima Nahdi & Emna Trabelsi & Habib Bousnina, 2022. "Soil Physicochemical Changes as Modulated by Treated Wastewater after Medium-and Long-Term Irrigations: A Case Study from Tunisia," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 12(12), pages 1-14, December.
    13. Musazura, W. & Odindo, A.O. & Tesfamariam, E.H. & Hughes, J.C. & Buckley, C.A., 2019. "Nitrogen and phosphorus dynamics in plants and soil fertigated with decentralised wastewater treatment effluent," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 215(C), pages 55-62.
    14. Chojnacka, K. & Witek-Krowiak, A. & Moustakas, K. & Skrzypczak, D. & Mikula, K. & Loizidou, M., 2020. "A transition from conventional irrigation to fertigation with reclaimed wastewater: Prospects and challenges," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 130(C).
    15. Eva Hyánková & Michal Kriška Dunajský & Ondřej Zedník & Ondřej Chaloupka & Miroslava Pumprlová Němcová, 2021. "Irrigation with Treated Wastewater as an Alternative Nutrient Source (for Crop): Numerical Simulation," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 11(10), pages 1-20, September.
    16. González García, Mariano & Fernández-López, Carmen & Pedrero-Salcedo, Francisco & Alarcón, Juan Jose, 2018. "Absorption of carbamazepine and diclofenac in hydroponically cultivated lettuces and human health risk assessment," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 206(C), pages 42-47.
    17. Zalacáin, David & Martínez-Pérez, Silvia & Bienes, Ramón & García-Díaz, Andrés & Sastre-Merlín, Antonio, 2019. "Salt accumulation in soils and plants under reclaimed water irrigation in urban parks of Madrid (Spain)," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 213(C), pages 468-476.
    18. Chaganti, Vijayasatya N. & Ganjegunte, Girisha & Niu, Genhua & Ulery, April & Flynn, Robert & Enciso, Juan M. & Meki, Manyowa N. & Kiniry, James R., 2020. "Effects of treated urban wastewater irrigation on bioenergy sorghum and soil quality," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 228(C).
    19. Chhatra Mani Sharma & Shichang Kang & Lekhendra Tripathee & Rukumesh Paudyal & Mika Sillanpää, 2021. "Major ions and irrigation water quality assessment of the Nepalese Himalayan rivers," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 23(2), pages 2668-2680, February.
    20. Aein, Reza & Alizadeh, Hosein, 2021. "Integrated hydro-economic modeling for optimal design of development scheme of salinity affected irrigated agriculture in Helleh River Basin," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 243(C).

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:15:y:2021:i:1:p:156-:d:711956. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.