IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v14y2021i6p1613-d516820.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Energy Sector Risk and Cost of Capital Assessment—Companies and Investors Perspective

Author

Listed:
  • Justyna Franc-Dąbrowska

    (Institute of Economics and Finance, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland)

  • Magdalena Mądra-Sawicka

    (Institute of Economics and Finance, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland)

  • Anna Milewska

    (Institute of Economics and Finance, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland)

Abstract

This paper aims to identify the costs of capital in a group of companies from the energy sector by including an investor and market risk approach. The study also concerns the company’s Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) cost intra-industry analysis related to sector characteristics such as total assets, revenues, market capitalization, and companies’ age. In order to assess the intergroup relationships, basic correlation relationships were compared and a nonparametric test of variance was performed. The period under study covered the years 2015–2019. The conducted research evaluates groups of companies that dedicated their activity to a particular energy intra-industry division under numerous regulations in Europe. The study contributes to assessing the level of risk among energy listed companies in European capital markets based on capital structure valuation. The study results underline the role of the cost of equity financing, which was twice as high as the cost of debt. The highest WACC was related to the Beta indicator that also expressed the political and regulatory risk over the investigated period. Across debt cost analysis, the role of effective tax rate decreased the level of WACC. The highest level of WACC was noticed among uranium and integrated oil and gas companies. The study contributes to information asymmetry theory related to the cost of capital assumptions.

Suggested Citation

  • Justyna Franc-Dąbrowska & Magdalena Mądra-Sawicka & Anna Milewska, 2021. "Energy Sector Risk and Cost of Capital Assessment—Companies and Investors Perspective," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(6), pages 1-20, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:14:y:2021:i:6:p:1613-:d:516820
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/6/1613/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/6/1613/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Jaworski, Jacek & Czerwonka, Leszek & Mądra-Sawicka, Magdalena, 2019. "Determinants of Capital Structure: Evidence from Polish Food Manufacturing Industry," German Journal of Agricultural Economics, Humboldt-Universitaet zu Berlin, Department for Agricultural Economics, vol. 68(1), March.
    2. Monika Foltyn-Zarychta & Rafał Buła & Krystian Pera, 2021. "Discounting for Energy Transition Policies—Estimation of the Social Discount Rate for Poland," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(3), pages 1-21, January.
    3. Bartholdy, Jan & Peare, Paula, 2003. "Unbiased estimation of expected return using CAPM," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 12(1), pages 69-81.
    4. André Farber & Roland Gillet & Ariane Szafarz, 2005. "A general formula for the WACC," Working Papers CEB 05-012.RS, ULB -- Universite Libre de Bruxelles.
    5. Antonio Estache & Anne-Sophie Steichen, 2015. "Is Belgium overshooting in its policy support to cut the cost of capital of renewable sources of energy ?," Reflets et perspectives de la vie économique, De Boeck Université, vol. 0(1), pages 33-45.
    6. Zurita, Salvador & Castillo, Augusto & Niño, Jorge, 2019. "Inflation, tax integration and company valuation: The Latin American case," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 105(C), pages 370-380.
    7. Abhinav Choudhury & Timothy Shelford & Gary Felton & Curt Gooch & Stephanie Lansing, 2019. "Evaluation of Hydrogen Sulfide Scrubbing Systems for Anaerobic Digesters on Two U.S. Dairy Farms," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(24), pages 1-13, December.
    8. Mark P. Sharfman & Chitru S. Fernando, 2008. "Environmental risk management and the cost of capital," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 29(6), pages 569-592, June.
    9. Polzin, Friedemann & Egli, Florian & Steffen, Bjarne & Schmidt, Tobias S., 2019. "How do policies mobilize private finance for renewable energy?—A systematic review with an investor perspective," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 236(C), pages 1249-1268.
    10. Li, Larry & Islam, Silvia Z., 2019. "Firm and industry specific determinants of capital structure: Evidence from the Australian market," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 59(C), pages 425-437.
    11. Karol Tucki & Olga Orynycz & Andrzej Wasiak & Antoni Świć & Wojciech Dybaś, 2019. "Capacity Market Implementation in Poland: Analysis of a Survey on Consequences for the Electricity Market and for Energy Management," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(5), pages 1-16, March.
    12. Christine Botosan, 2006. "Disclosure and the cost of capital: what do we know?," Accounting and Business Research, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 36(S1), pages 31-40.
    13. Tagliapietra, Simone & Zachmann, Georg & Fredriksson, Gustav, 2019. "Estimating the cost of capital for wind energy investments in Turkey," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 131(C), pages 295-301.
    14. Kling, Gerhard & Volz, Ulrich & Murinde, Victor & Ayas, Sibel, 2021. "The impact of climate vulnerability on firms’ cost of capital and access to finance," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 137(C).
    15. Lilford, Eric & Maybee, Bryan & Packey, Dan, 2018. "Cost of capital and discount rates in cash flow valuations for resources projects," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 59(C), pages 525-531.
    16. Dragos Paun, 2017. "Sustainability and Financial Performance of Companies in the Energy Sector in Romania," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 9(10), pages 1-11, September.
    17. Petter Osmundsen & Frank Asche & BÃ¥rd Misund & Klaus Mohn, 2006. "Valuation of International Oil Companies," The Energy Journal, , vol. 27(3), pages 49-64, July.
    18. Elena Valentina IVASCU & Nicoleta BARBUTA-MISU, 2017. "Influences of the Capital Structure and the Cost of Capital on Financial Performance. Case Study on ENGIE Group," Proceedings RCE 2017, Editura Lumen, vol. 0, pages 304-320, November.
    19. Peter Brusov & Tatiana Filatova & Natali Orehova & Nastia Brusova, 2011. "Weighted average cost of capital in the theory of Modigliani-Miller, modified for a finite lifetime company," Applied Financial Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 21(11), pages 815-824.
    20. Painuly, J.P, 2001. "Barriers to renewable energy penetration; a framework for analysis," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 24(1), pages 73-89.
    21. Qurat-ul-Ain & Sharif Ullah Jan & Muhammad Rafiq, 2011. "Effect of Macroeconomic Factors on Capital Structure Decisions of Firm: Evidence from a Developing Country," Business & Economic Review, Institute of Management Sciences, Peshawar, Pakistan, vol. 3(1), pages 64-90, April.
    22. Ondraczek, Janosch & Komendantova, Nadejda & Patt, Anthony, 2015. "WACC the dog: The effect of financing costs on the levelized cost of solar PV power," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 75(C), pages 888-898.
    23. Cody Yu-Ling Hsiao & Weishun Lin & Xinyang Wei & Gaoyun Yan & Siqi Li & Ni Sheng, 2019. "The Impact of International Oil Prices on the Stock Price Fluctuations of China’s Renewable Energy Enterprises," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(24), pages 1-17, December.
    24. Aneta Michalak, 2016. "The Cost Of Capital In The Effectiveness Assessment Of Financial Management In A Company," Oeconomia Copernicana, Institute of Economic Research, vol. 7(2), pages 317-329, June.
    25. Miller, Richard A., 2009. "The weighted average cost of capital is not quite right: Reply to M. Pierru," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 49(3), pages 1213-1218, August.
    26. Yakov Amihud & Haim Mendelson, 2000. "The Liquidity Route To A Lower Cost Of Capital," Journal of Applied Corporate Finance, Morgan Stanley, vol. 12(4), pages 8-25, January.
    27. Steffen, Bjarne, 2020. "Estimating the cost of capital for renewable energy projects," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 88(C).
    28. Al Mamun, Md & Sohag, Kazi & Shahbaz, Muhammad & Hammoudeh, Shawkat, 2018. "Financial markets, innovations and cleaner energy production in OECD countries," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 72(C), pages 236-254.
    29. Richard A. Lambert & Christian Leuz & Robert E. Verrecchia, 2011. "Information Asymmetry, Information Precision, and the Cost of Capital," Review of Finance, European Finance Association, vol. 16(1), pages 1-29.
    30. Vogt-Schilb, Adrien & Meunier, Guy & Hallegatte, Stéphane, 2018. "When starting with the most expensive option makes sense: Optimal timing, cost and sectoral allocation of abatement investment," Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, Elsevier, vol. 88(C), pages 210-233.
    31. Ferreira Savoia, José Roberto & Securato, José Roberto & Bergmann, Daniel Reed & Lopes da Silva, Fabiana, 2019. "Comparing results of the implied cost of capital and capital asset pricing models for infrastructure firms in Brazil," Utilities Policy, Elsevier, vol. 56(C), pages 149-158.
    32. Stocks, K. J., 1984. "Discount rate for technology assessment : An application to the energy sector," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 6(3), pages 177-185, July.
    33. Tatiana Albanez, 2015. "Impact of the cost of capital on the financing decisions of Brazilian companies," International Journal of Managerial Finance, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 11(3), pages 285-307, June.
    34. Harris, Milton & Raviv, Artur, 1991. "The Theory of Capital Structure," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 46(1), pages 297-355, March.
    35. Yves Bozec & Claude Laurin & Iwan Meier, 2014. "The relation between excess control and cost of capital," International Journal of Managerial Finance, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 10(1), pages 93-114, January.
    36. Frank, Murray Z. & Shen, Tao, 2016. "Investment and the weighted average cost of capital," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 119(2), pages 300-315.
    37. Zhu, Zhaobo & Ji, Qiang & Sun, Licheng & Zhai, Pengxiang, 2020. "Oil price shocks, investor sentiment, and asset pricing anomalies in the oil and gas industry," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 70(C).
    38. William F. Sharpe, 1964. "Capital Asset Prices: A Theory Of Market Equilibrium Under Conditions Of Risk," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 19(3), pages 425-442, September.
    39. René M. Stulz, 1999. "Golbalization, Corporate Finance, And The Cost Of Capital," Journal of Applied Corporate Finance, Morgan Stanley, vol. 12(3), pages 8-25, September.
    40. Hammoudeh, Shawkat & Li, Huimin, 2005. "Oil sensitivity and systematic risk in oil-sensitive stock indices," Journal of Economics and Business, Elsevier, vol. 57(1), pages 1-21.
    41. Miller, Richard A., 2009. "The weighted average cost of capital is not quite right," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 49(1), pages 128-138, February.
    42. Fernandez, Pablo, 2002. "Valuation Methods and Shareholder Value Creation," Elsevier Monographs, Elsevier, edition 1, number 9780122538414.
    43. Christian Koziol, 2014. "A simple correction of the WACC discount rate for default risk and bankruptcy costs," Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, Springer, vol. 42(4), pages 653-666, May.
    44. Carlos S. García & Jimmy A. Saravia & David A. Yepes, 2015. "The weighted average cost of capital over the lifecycle of the firm: is the overinvestment problem of mature firms intensified by a higher WACC?," Documentos de Trabajo de Valor Público 14082, Universidad EAFIT.
    45. Georgeta Vintilă & Ştefan Cristian Gherghina & Radu Alin Păunescu, 2018. "Study of Effective Corporate Tax Rate and Its Influential Factors: Empirical Evidence from Emerging European Markets," Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 54(3), pages 571-590, February.
    46. Fama, Eugene F & MacBeth, James D, 1973. "Risk, Return, and Equilibrium: Empirical Tests," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 81(3), pages 607-636, May-June.
    47. Saeed Fathi & Farzaneh Ghandehari & Sayyed Ya’ghoub Shirangi, 2014. "Comparative Study of Capital Structure Determinants in Selected Stock Exchanges of Developing Countries and Tehran Stock Exchange," International Journal of Academic Research in Accounting, Finance and Management Sciences, Human Resource Management Academic Research Society, International Journal of Academic Research in Accounting, Finance and Management Sciences, vol. 4(1), pages 67-75, January.
    48. Bruner, Robert F. & Li, Wei & Kritzman, Mark & Myrgren, Simon & Page, Sébastien, 2008. "Market integration in developed and emerging markets: Evidence from the CAPM," Emerging Markets Review, Elsevier, vol. 9(2), pages 89-103, June.
    49. Laura Osma & Luis García & Romel Pérez & Carolina Barbosa & Jesús Botett & Jorge Sandoval & Eduardo Manrique, 2019. "Benefit–Cost and Energy Efficiency Index to Support the Screening of Hybrid Cyclic Steam Stimulation Methods," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(24), pages 1-16, December.
    50. Aleksandra Duliniec, 2012. "Koszt kapitału w teorii i praktyce przedsiębiorstw," Gospodarka Narodowa. The Polish Journal of Economics, Warsaw School of Economics, issue 3, pages 1-18.
    51. Bame-Aldred, Charles W. & Cullen, John B. & Martin, Kelly D. & Parboteeah, K. Praveen, 2013. "National culture and firm-level tax evasion," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 66(3), pages 390-396.
    52. Chan, Louis K. C. & Lakonishok, Josef, 1993. "Institutional trades and intraday stock price behavior," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 33(2), pages 173-199, April.
    53. Jonek-Kowalska, Izabela, 2019. "Efficiency of Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) systems. Comparative analysis in the fuel sector and energy sector on the basis of Central-European companies listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 62(C), pages 405-415.
    54. Alaa Rady & Hakim Meshreki & Ayman Ismail & Laura Núñez, 2019. "Variations in Valuation Methodologies and the Cost of Capital: Evidence from MENA Countries," Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 55(9), pages 2106-2123, July.
    55. Burkhard Pedell, 2006. "Regulatory Risk and the Cost of Capital," Springer Books, Springer, number 978-3-540-30802-7, April.
    56. Sinha, Pankaj & Agnihotri, Shalini, 2015. "Macroeconomic risk and firms financing decision: An empirical panel data investigation using system GMM," MPRA Paper 67088, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 30 Sep 2015.
    57. Stylianos Flegkas & Felix Birkelbach & Franz Winter & Hans Groenewold & Andreas Werner, 2019. "Profitability Analysis and Capital Cost Estimation of a Thermochemical Energy Storage System Utilizing Fluidized Bed Reactors and the Reaction System MgO/Mg(OH) 2," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(24), pages 1-16, December.
    58. Korajczyk, Robert A. & Levy, Amnon, 2003. "Capital structure choice: macroeconomic conditions and financial constraints," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 68(1), pages 75-109, April.
    59. Xu, Zhaoxia, 2020. "Economic policy uncertainty, cost of capital, and corporate innovation," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 111(C).
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Theodosios Anastasios Perifanis, 2022. "The Macroeconomic Results of Diligent Resource Revenues Management: The Norwegian Case," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(4), pages 1-14, February.
    2. Hugo Algarvio, 2023. "The Economic Sustainability of Variable Renewable Energy Considering the Negotiation of Different Support Schemes," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(5), pages 1-21, March.
    3. Ireneusz Górowski & Bartosz Kurek & Marek Szarucki, 2022. "The Impact of a New Accounting Standard on Assets, Liabilities and Leverage of Companies: Evidence from Energy Industry," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(4), pages 1-15, February.
    4. Martina Tuschl & Tomislav Kurevija, 2023. "Revitalization Modelling of a Mature Oil Field with Bottom-Type Aquifer into Geothermal Resource—Reservoir Engineering and Techno-Economic Challenges," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(18), pages 1-27, September.
    5. Elżbieta Izabela Szczepankiewicz & Windham Eugene Loopesko & Farid Ullah, 2022. "A Model of Risk Information Disclosures in Non-Financial Corporate Reports of Socially Responsible Energy Companies in Poland," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(7), pages 1-34, April.
    6. Jorge Armando Bedoya-Cadavid & Ángela María Lanzas-Duque & Harold Salazar, 2023. "WACC for Electric Power Transmission System Operators: The Case of Colombia," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(2), pages 1-13, January.
    7. Peter Brusov & Tatiana Filatova & Natali Orekhova, 2023. "The Generalization of the Brusov–Filatova–Orekhova Theory for the Case of Payments of Tax on Profit with Arbitrary Frequency," Springer Books, in: The Brusov–Filatova–Orekhova Theory of Capital Structure, chapter 0, pages 217-239, Springer.
    8. LUCUȚ CAPRAȘ Isabella & RUS Alexandra Ioana Daniela & ACHIM Monica Violeta, 2023. "The Impact of Corporate Governance on Intellectual Capital. Empirical Evidence from Romanian Companies," European Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, Bucharest Economic Academy, issue 01, March.
    9. Peter Brusov & Tatiana Filatova & Natali Orekhova, 2023. "Influence of Method and Frequency of Profit Tax Payments on Company Financial Indicators," Springer Books, in: The Brusov–Filatova–Orekhova Theory of Capital Structure, chapter 0, pages 241-264, Springer.
    10. Daniela Nicoleta Sahlian & Adriana Florina Popa & Ștefania Amalia Nicoară & Corina Graziella Bâtcă-Dumitru, 2023. "Examining the Causality between Integrated Reporting and Stock Market Capitalization. The Case of the European Renewable Energy Equipment and Services Industry," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(3), pages 1-12, January.
    11. Mateusz Trzeciak & Izabela Jonek-Kowalska, 2021. "Monitoring and Control in Program Management as Effectiveness Drivers in Polish Energy Sector. Diagnosis and Directions of Improvement," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(15), pages 1-25, July.
    12. Peter Brusov & Tatiana Filatova & Natali Orekhova, 2023. "Benefits of Advance Payments of Tax on Profit: Consideration Within Brusov–Filatova–Orekhova (BFO) Theory," Springer Books, in: The Brusov–Filatova–Orekhova Theory of Capital Structure, chapter 0, pages 205-216, Springer.
    13. Peter Brusov & Tatiana Filatova & Natali Orekhova, 2023. "Generalization of the Brusov–Filatova–Orekhova Theory for the Case of Variable Income," Springer Books, in: The Brusov–Filatova–Orekhova Theory of Capital Structure, chapter 0, pages 265-290, Springer.
    14. Claudia Diana Sabău-Popa & Luminița Rus & Dana Simona Gherai & Codruța Mare & Ioan Gheorghe Țara, 2021. "Study on Companies from the Energy Sector from the Perspective of Performance through the Operating Cash Flow," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(12), pages 1-13, June.
    15. Zbysław Dobrowolski & Grzegorz Drozdowski & Mirela Panait & Simona Andreea Apostu, 2022. "The Weighted Average Cost of Capital and Its Universality in Crisis Times: Evidence from the Energy Sector," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(18), pages 1-15, September.
    16. Peter Brusov & Tatiana Filatova & Veniamin Kulik, 2023. "Two Types of Payments of Tax on Profit: Advanced Payments and at the End of Periods: Consideration within BFO Theory with Variable Profit," JRFM, MDPI, vol. 16(3), pages 1-20, March.
    17. Victor-Gallardo, Luis & Quirós-Tortós, Jairo, 2023. "Techno-economic comparison of centralized and distributed power generation to support large-scale transport electrification in Costa Rica," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 131(C), pages 120-138.
    18. Hansen, T.A., 2022. "Stranded assets and reduced profits: Analyzing the economic underpinnings of the fossil fuel industry's resistance to climate stabilization," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 158(C).

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Zbysław Dobrowolski & Grzegorz Drozdowski & Mirela Panait & Simona Andreea Apostu, 2022. "The Weighted Average Cost of Capital and Its Universality in Crisis Times: Evidence from the Energy Sector," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(18), pages 1-15, September.
    2. Steffen, Bjarne, 2020. "Estimating the cost of capital for renewable energy projects," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 88(C).
    3. Trinks, Arjan & Ibikunle, Gbenga & Mulder, Machiel & Scholtens, Bert, 2017. "Greenhouse Gas Emissions Intensity and the Cost of Capital," Research Report 17017-EEF, University of Groningen, Research Institute SOM (Systems, Organisations and Management).
    4. Briera, Thibault & Lefèvre, Julien, 2024. "Reducing the cost of capital through international climate finance to accelerate the renewable energy transition in developing countries," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 188(C).
    5. Piotr W. Saługa & Krzysztof Zamasz & Zdzisława Dacko-Pikiewicz & Katarzyna Szczepańska-Woszczyna & Marcin Malec, 2021. "Risk-Adjusted Discount Rate and Its Components for Onshore Wind Farms at the Feasibility Stage," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(20), pages 1-12, October.
    6. Guanais, Luiz Felipe Poli & Sanvicente, Antonio Zoratto & Sheng, Hsia Hua, 2017. "Cost of equity estimation for the Brazilian market: a test of the Goldman Sachs model," Textos para discussão 447, FGV EESP - Escola de Economia de São Paulo, Fundação Getulio Vargas (Brazil).
    7. Frank Obenpong Kwabi & Samuel Owusu-Manu & Agyenim Boateng & Ernest-Bruno Ezeani & Min Du, 2022. "Economic policy uncertainty and cost of capital: the mediating effects of foreign equity portfolio flow," Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, Springer, vol. 59(2), pages 457-481, August.
    8. Teresa Chu & In-Mu Haw & Bryan Lee & Woody Wu, 2014. "Cost of equity capital, control divergence, and institutions: the international evidence," Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, Springer, vol. 43(3), pages 483-527, October.
    9. Đukan, Mak & Kitzing, Lena, 2023. "A bigger bang for the buck: The impact of risk reduction on renewable energy support payments in Europe," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 173(C).
    10. Berger, Allen N. & El Ghoul, Sadok & Guedhami, Omrane & Roman, Raluca A., 2022. "Geographic deregulation and banks’ cost of equity capital," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 120(C).
    11. Zeng, Huixiang & Ren, Lei & Chen, Xiaohong & Zhou, Qiong & Zhang, Tao & Cheng, Xu, 2024. "Punishment or deterrence? Environmental justice construction and corporate equity financing––Evidence from environmental courts," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 86(C).
    12. Li, Guoxiang & Wu, Haoyue & Jiang, Jieshu & Zong, Qingqing, 2023. "Digital finance and the low-carbon energy transition (LCET) from the perspective of capital-biased technical progress," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 120(C).
    13. Fabrizio Cacciafesta, 2015. "Using the WACC to rate a new project," CEIS Research Paper 339, Tor Vergata University, CEIS, revised 10 Apr 2015.
    14. Yury Dranev & Sofya Fomkina, 2013. "An asymmetric approach to the cost of equity estimation: empirical evidence from Russia," HSE Working papers WP BRP 12/FE/2013, National Research University Higher School of Economics.
    15. Egli, Florian, 2020. "Renewable energy investment risk: An investigation of changes over time and the underlying drivers," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 140(C).
    16. Fernando Rubio, 2005. "Eficiencia De Mercado, Administracion De Carteras De Fondos Y Behavioural Finance," Finance 0503028, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 23 Jul 2005.
    17. Sumiyana Sumiyana & Ainun Na’im & Firdaus Kurniawan & Albertus H. L. Nugroho, 2023. "Earnings management and financial distress or soundness determining CEOs’ future over- and under-investment decisions," Palgrave Communications, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 10(1), pages 1-10, December.
    18. Amilcar A. Menichini, 2017. "On the value and determinants of the interest tax shields," Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, Springer, vol. 48(3), pages 725-748, April.
    19. Durand, Robert B. & Lan, Yihui & Ng, Andrew, 2011. "Conditional beta: Evidence from Asian emerging markets," Global Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 22(2), pages 130-153.
    20. Magdalena Mikolajek-Gocejna, 2022. "Systematic Risk of ESG Companies Listed on the Polish Capital Market in 2019-2022," European Research Studies Journal, European Research Studies Journal, vol. 0(2), pages 597-615.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:14:y:2021:i:6:p:1613-:d:516820. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.