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Application of X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Rock–Eval Analysis for the Evaluation of Middle Eastern Petroleum Source Rock

Author

Listed:
  • Golam Muktadir

    (Institute of Drilling and Fluid Mining Engineering, Freiberg University of Technology, 09599 Freiberg, Germany)

  • Moh’d Amro

    (Institute of Drilling and Fluid Mining Engineering, Freiberg University of Technology, 09599 Freiberg, Germany)

  • Nicolai Kummer

    (Institute of Drilling and Fluid Mining Engineering, Freiberg University of Technology, 09599 Freiberg, Germany)

  • Carsten Freese

    (Institute of Drilling and Fluid Mining Engineering, Freiberg University of Technology, 09599 Freiberg, Germany)

  • Khizar Abid

    (Petroleum and Gas Engineering Department, NFC Institute of Engineering and Technology, Multan 60000, Pakistan)

Abstract

In this study, collected samples of nine different wells from the Middle East are used for various geochemical analyses to determine the hydrocarbon generation potential. The determination is carried out following the grain density, specific surface area, XRD, and Rock–Eval pyrolysis analyses. Four different types of kerogen are plotted based on the Rock–Eval analysis result. Kerogen type I usually has high hydrogen index (e.g., HI > 700) and low oxygen index, which is considered oil-bearing. Kerogen Type II has hydrogen index between type I and type II and oxygen index higher than type I (e.g., 350 < HI < 700) and is also considered to have oil-bearing potential. Kerogen type III has a lower hydrogen index (e.g., HI < 350) and is considered to have a primarily gas-generating potential with terrigenous organic matter origination. Kerogen type IV has a very low hydrogen index and higher oxygen index (compared with other types of kerogen), which is considered the inert organic matter. The kerogen quality of the analyzed samples can be considered as very good to fair; the TOC content ranges from 1.64 to 8.37 wt% with most of them containing between 2 and 4 wt%. The grain density of these examined samples is in the range of 2.3–2.63 g/cc. The TOC and density of the samples have an inversely proportional relationship whereas the TOC and the specific surface area (BET) has a positive correlation. The specific surface area (BET) of the examined samples is in the range of 1.97–9.94 m 2 /g. The examined samples are dominated by clay, primarily kaolinite and muscovite. Additionally, few samples have a higher proportion of quartz and calcite. The examined samples from the Middle East contain kerogen type III and IV. Only two samples (JF2-760 and SQ1-1340) contain type I and type II kerogen. Considering T max and Hydrogen Index (HI), all of the samples are considered immature to early mature. Rock–Eval (S 2 ) and TOC plotting indicate that most of the samples have very poor source rock potential only with an exception of one (JF2-760), which has a fair-to-good source rock potential.

Suggested Citation

  • Golam Muktadir & Moh’d Amro & Nicolai Kummer & Carsten Freese & Khizar Abid, 2021. "Application of X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Rock–Eval Analysis for the Evaluation of Middle Eastern Petroleum Source Rock," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(20), pages 1-16, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:14:y:2021:i:20:p:6672-:d:656661
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Seyedalireza Khatibi & Mehdi Ostadhassan & David Tuschel & Thomas Gentzis & Humberto Carvajal-Ortiz, 2018. "Evaluating Molecular Evolution of Kerogen by Raman Spectroscopy: Correlation with Optical Microscopy and Rock-Eval Pyrolysis," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(6), pages 1-19, May.
    2. Jianhua He & Hucheng Deng & Ruolong Ma & Ruyue Wang & Yuanyuan Wang & Ang Li, 2020. "Reservoir Characteristics of the Lower Jurassic Lacustrine Shale in the Eastern Sichuan Basin and Its Effect on Gas Properties: An Integrated Approach," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(17), pages 1-16, August.
    3. Aman Turakhanov & Albina Tsyshkova & Elena Mukhina & Evgeny Popov & Darya Kalacheva & Ekaterina Dvoretskaya & Anton Kasyanenko & Konstantin Prochukhan & Alexey Cheremisin, 2021. "Cyclic Subcritical Water Injection into Bazhenov Oil Shale: Geochemical and Petrophysical Properties Evolution Due to Hydrothermal Exposure," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(15), pages 1-16, July.
    4. Yuying Zhang & Shu Jiang & Zhiliang He & Yuchao Li & Dianshi Xiao & Guohui Chen & Jianhua Zhao, 2021. "Coupling between Source Rock and Reservoir of Shale Gas in Wufeng-Longmaxi Formation in Sichuan Basin, South China," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(9), pages 1-16, May.
    5. Weronika Kaczmarczyk & Małgorzata Słota-Valim, 2020. "Multidisciplinary Characterization of Unconventional Reservoirs Based on Correlation of Well and Seismic Data," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(17), pages 1-19, August.
    6. Sheridan Few & Ajay Gambhir & Tamaryn Napp & Adam Hawkes & Stephane Mangeon & Dan Bernie & Jason Lowe, 2017. "The Impact of Shale Gas on the Cost and Feasibility of Meeting Climate Targets—A Global Energy System Model Analysis and an Exploration of Uncertainties," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(2), pages 1-22, January.
    7. Majia Zheng & Hongming Tang & Hu Li & Jian Zheng & Cui Jing, 2020. "Geomechanical Analysis for Deep Shale Gas Exploration Wells in the NDNR Blocks, Sichuan Basin, Southwest China," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(5), pages 1-24, March.
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