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Real Domestic Hot Water Consumption in Residential Buildings and Its Impact on Buildings’ Energy Performance—Case Study in Poland

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  • Katarzyna Ratajczak

    (Institute of Environmental Engineering and Building Installations, Poznan University of Technology, Pl. M. Sklodowskiej-Curie 5, 60-965 Poznan, Poland)

  • Katarzyna Michalak

    (Students Scientific Association of Environmental Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, 60-965 Poznan, Poland)

  • Michał Narojczyk

    (Students Scientific Association of Environmental Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, 60-965 Poznan, Poland)

  • Łukasz Amanowicz

    (Institute of Environmental Engineering and Building Installations, Poznan University of Technology, Pl. M. Sklodowskiej-Curie 5, 60-965 Poznan, Poland)

Abstract

A building’s energy consumption is assessed considering the energy required for heating, cooling, lighting, and domestic hot water (DHW). Methodologies used to calculate energy certificates in European Union countries consider hot water consumption rates per person or per heated (floor) area, giving wide-ranging values (35–88 dm 3 /person/day). Using extreme parameters, it is possible to obtain a primary energy index that meets the legal requirements, although unrealistically large proportions of domestic hot water use relative to the total energy balance of the building may marginalize the influence of other components, such as fluctuations in heating, ventilation, or lighting. In the current work, the DHW consumption of three residential buildings was measured to verify the energy consumption for hot water preparation. Investigations were conducted based on the consumption of natural gas for DHW preparation. Experimentally obtained water consumption rates were determined per m 2 of a dwelling and per person living in the building. The calculated indicators (0.85 ± 0.005 dm 3 /m 2 /day and 27.4 ± 1.4 dm 3 /person/day) were lower than those used for energy certifications of buildings. The experimentally obtained indicators were used in further theoretical energy assessments of six residential buildings. By adopting the designated indicators, the analyzed buildings met the legally required primary energy value (<70 kWh/m 2 /year) when using natural gas as a heat source. Applying more realistic DHW consumption values resulted in more accurate energy certifications.

Suggested Citation

  • Katarzyna Ratajczak & Katarzyna Michalak & Michał Narojczyk & Łukasz Amanowicz, 2021. "Real Domestic Hot Water Consumption in Residential Buildings and Its Impact on Buildings’ Energy Performance—Case Study in Poland," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(16), pages 1-22, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:14:y:2021:i:16:p:5010-:d:614836
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Łukasz Amanowicz & Janusz Wojtkowiak, 2021. "Comparison of Single- and Multipipe Earth-to-Air Heat Exchangers in Terms of Energy Gains and Electricity Consumption: A Case Study for the Temperate Climate of Central Europe," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(24), pages 1-28, December.
    2. Łukasz Amanowicz, 2021. "Peak Power of Heat Source for Domestic Hot Water Preparation (DHW) for Residential Estate in Poland as a Representative Case Study for the Climate of Central Europe," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(23), pages 1-15, December.
    3. Wojciech Rzeźnik & Ilona Rzeźnik & Paweł Hara, 2022. "Comparison of Real and Forecasted Domestic Hot Water Consumption and Demand for Heat Power in Multifamily Buildings, in Poland," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(19), pages 1-17, September.
    4. Beata Piotrowska & Daniel Słyś, 2022. "Comprehensive Analysis of the State of Technology in the Field of Waste Heat Recovery from Grey Water," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(1), pages 1-20, December.
    5. Bosu, Issa & Mahmoud, Hatem & Hassan, Hamdy, 2023. "Energy audit, techno-economic, and environmental assessment of integrating solar technologies for energy management in a university residential building: A case study," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 341(C).
    6. Piotr Michalak, 2023. "Simulation and Experimental Study on the Use of Ventilation Air for Space Heating of a Room in a Low-Energy Building," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(8), pages 1-17, April.
    7. Cichowicz, Robert & Jerominko, Tomasz, 2023. "Comparison of calculation and consumption methods for determining Energy Performance Certificates (EPC) in the case of multi-family residential buildings in Poland (Central-Eastern Europe)," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 282(C).

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