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Seismic Design of Offshore Wind Turbines: Good, Bad and Unknowns

Author

Listed:
  • Subhamoy Bhattacharya

    (Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK)

  • Suryakanta Biswal

    (Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK)

  • Muhammed Aleem

    (Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK)

  • Sadra Amani

    (Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK)

  • Athul Prabhakaran

    (Structural Engineering Department, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA)

  • Ganga Prakhya

    (Sir Robert McAlpine Ltd., Hemel Hempstead HP2 7TR, UK)

  • Domenico Lombardi

    (Department of Mechanical, Aerospace & Civil Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK)

  • Harsh K. Mistry

    (Department of Mechanical, Aerospace & Civil Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK)

Abstract

Large scale offshore wind farms are relatively new infrastructures and are being deployed in regions prone to earthquakes. Offshore wind farms comprise of both offshore wind turbines (OWTs) and balance of plants (BOP) facilities, such as inter-array and export cables, grid connection etc. An OWT structure can be either grounded systems (rigidly anchored to the seabed) or floating systems (with tension legs or catenary cables). OWTs are dynamically-sensitive structures made of a long slender tower with a top-heavy mass, known as Nacelle, to which a heavy rotating mass (hub and blades) is attached. These structures, apart from the variable environmental wind and wave loads, may also be subjected to earthquake related hazards in seismic zones. The earthquake hazards that can affect offshore wind farm are fault displacement, seismic shaking, subsurface liquefaction, submarine landslides, tsunami effects and a combination thereof. Procedures for seismic designing OWTs are not explicitly mentioned in current codes of practice. The aim of the paper is to discuss the seismic related challenges in the analysis and design of offshore wind farms and wind turbine structures. Different types of grounded and floating systems are considered to evaluate the seismic related effects. However, emphasis is provided on Tension Leg Platform (TLP) type floating wind turbine. Future research needs are also identified.

Suggested Citation

  • Subhamoy Bhattacharya & Suryakanta Biswal & Muhammed Aleem & Sadra Amani & Athul Prabhakaran & Ganga Prakhya & Domenico Lombardi & Harsh K. Mistry, 2021. "Seismic Design of Offshore Wind Turbines: Good, Bad and Unknowns," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(12), pages 1-27, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:14:y:2021:i:12:p:3496-:d:573963
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Wang, Xuefei & Yang, Xu & Zeng, Xiangwu, 2017. "Seismic centrifuge modelling of suction bucket foundation for offshore wind turbine," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 114(PB), pages 1013-1022.
    2. Wang, Xuefei & Zeng, Xiangwu & Li, Xinyao & Li, Jiale, 2020. "Liquefaction characteristics of offshore wind turbine with hybrid monopile foundation via centrifuge modelling," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 145(C), pages 2358-2372.
    3. Li, Xinyao & Zeng, Xiangwu & Yu, Xiong & Wang, Xuefei, 2021. "Seismic response of a novel hybrid foundation for offshore wind turbine by geotechnical centrifuge modeling," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 172(C), pages 1404-1416.
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    Cited by:

    1. Carolina G. Marcelino & João V. C. Avancini & Carla A. D. M. Delgado & Elizabeth F. Wanner & Silvia Jiménez-Fernández & Sancho Salcedo-Sanz, 2021. "Dynamic Electric Dispatch for Wind Power Plants: A New Automatic Controller System Using Evolutionary Algorithms," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(21), pages 1-20, October.
    2. Atul Patil & Chaitanya Pathak & Bejoy Alduse, 2023. "Review of Natural Hazard Risks for Wind Farms," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(3), pages 1-29, January.
    3. Srikanth Bashetty & Selahattin Ozcelik, 2021. "Review on Dynamics of Offshore Floating Wind Turbine Platforms," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(19), pages 1-30, September.
    4. Subbulakshmi, A. & Verma, Mohit & Keerthana, M. & Sasmal, Saptarshi & Harikrishna, P. & Kapuria, Santosh, 2022. "Recent advances in experimental and numerical methods for dynamic analysis of floating offshore wind turbines — An integrated review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 164(C).

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