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Cyber-Security of Smart Microgrids: A Survey

Author

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  • Farzam Nejabatkhah

    (CYME International T&D, Eaton, Saint-Bruno, QC J3V 3P8, Canada)

  • Yun Wei Li

    (Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada)

  • Hao Liang

    (Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada)

  • Rouzbeh Reza Ahrabi

    (Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada)

Abstract

In this paper, the cyber-security of smart microgrids is thoroughly discussed. In smart grids, the cyber system and physical process are tightly coupled. Due to the cyber system’s vulnerabilities, any cyber incidents can have economic and physical impacts on their operations. In power electronics-intensive smart microgrids, cyber-attacks can have much more harmful and devastating effects on their operation and stability due to low inertia, especially in islanded operation. In this paper, the cyber–physical systems in smart microgrids are briefly studied. Then, the cyber-attacks on data availability, integrity, and confidentiality are discussed. Since a false data injection (FDI) attack that compromises the data integrity in the cyber/communication network is one of the most challenging threats for smart microgrids, it is investigated in detail in this paper. Such FDI attacks can target state estimation, voltage and frequency control, and smart microgrids’ protection systems. The economic and physical/technical impacts of the FDI attacks on smart microgrids are also reviewed in this paper. The defensive strategies against FDI attacks are classified into protection strategies, in which selected meter measurements are protected, and detection/mitigation strategies, based on either static or dynamic detection. In this paper, implementation examples of FDI attacks’ construction and detection/mitigation in smart microgrids are provided. Samples of recent cyber-security projects in the world, and critical cyber-security standards of smart grids, are presented. Finally, future trends of cyber-security in smart microgrids are discussed.

Suggested Citation

  • Farzam Nejabatkhah & Yun Wei Li & Hao Liang & Rouzbeh Reza Ahrabi, 2020. "Cyber-Security of Smart Microgrids: A Survey," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(1), pages 1-27, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:14:y:2020:i:1:p:27-:d:466886
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Leszczyna, Rafał, 2018. "Standards on cyber security assessment of smart grid," International Journal of Critical Infrastructure Protection, Elsevier, vol. 22(C), pages 70-89.
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    Cited by:

    1. Sulman Shahzad & Muhammad Abbas Abbasi & Hassan Ali & Muhammad Iqbal & Rania Munir & Heybet Kilic, 2023. "Possibilities, Challenges, and Future Opportunities of Microgrids: A Review," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(8), pages 1-28, April.
    2. Seung-Mo Je & Hanchul Woo & Jaehyeon Choi & Se-Hoon Jung & Jun-Ho Huh, 2022. "A Research Trend on Anonymous Signature and Authentication Methods for Privacy Invasion Preventability on Smart Grid and Power Plant Environments," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(12), pages 1-20, June.
    3. Seppo Borenius & Pavithra Gopalakrishnan & Lina Bertling Tjernberg & Raimo Kantola, 2022. "Expert-Guided Security Risk Assessment of Evolving Power Grids," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(9), pages 1-25, April.
    4. Ali, Imran & Arslan, Ahmad & Chowdhury, Maruf & Khan, Zaheer & Tarba, Shlomo Y., 2022. "Reimagining global food value chains through effective resilience to COVID-19 shocks and similar future events: A dynamic capability perspective," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 141(C), pages 1-12.
    5. Gaurav Chaudhary & Jacob J. Lamb & Odne S. Burheim & Bjørn Austbø, 2021. "Review of Energy Storage and Energy Management System Control Strategies in Microgrids," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(16), pages 1-26, August.
    6. Richard Wallsgrove & Jisuk Woo & Jae-Hyup Lee & Lorraine Akiba, 2021. "The Emerging Potential of Microgrids in the Transition to 100% Renewable Energy Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(6), pages 1-28, March.
    7. Hamdi Abdi, 2022. "A Brief Review of Microgrid Surveys, by Focusing on Energy Management System," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(1), pages 1-20, December.
    8. Aron Kondoro & Imed Ben Dhaou & Hannu Tenhunen & Nerey Mvungi, 2021. "A Low Latency Secure Communication Architecture for Microgrid Control," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(19), pages 1-26, October.
    9. Arman Goudarzi & Farzad Ghayoor & Muhammad Waseem & Shah Fahad & Issa Traore, 2022. "A Survey on IoT-Enabled Smart Grids: Emerging, Applications, Challenges, and Outlook," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(19), pages 1-32, September.

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