IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v13y2020i4p861-d321335.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Exploratory Research of CO 2 , Noise and Metabolic Energy Expenditure in Lisbon Commuting

Author

Listed:
  • Angelo Soares

    (Instituto Dom Luiz (IDL), Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal)

  • Cristina Catita

    (Instituto Dom Luiz (IDL), Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal)

  • Carla Silva

    (Instituto Dom Luiz (IDL), Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal)

Abstract

The lower cost of sensors is making possible the acquisition of big data sets in several applications and research areas. Indoor air quality and commuter exposure to pollutants are some of these areas, which can have impacts on our livelihood. The main objective of this exploratory research was to assemble portable equipment along with a prototype, one low-cost and easy to replicate in any location worldwide. We answer how CO 2 , noise and energy expenditure compare in different transportation modes with indoor environments (metro, bus and car). It was intended to be carried by a subject on all commutes. The low-cost equipment assembled has the ability to measure ambient CO 2 , noise levels, heart rate and geographic coordinates. The field campaign was conducted on an urban commuting route, in Lisbon city, between Rossio (downtown of Lisbon city) and Campo Grande (near FCUL campus). It took place during 3 weeks in school break and 3 weeks in the school period to grasp some differences between these periods of the year. The heart rate data was used to calculate the subject energy expenditure and the geographic coordinate data allowed for time and spatial analysis using a geospatial software package. Our measurements totaled 70 one-way trips and 358,140 data points. Temporal and spatial analysis yielded the following results: The metro presents the lowest median CO 2 concentrations of 693 ppm and the bus the highest with 1085 ppm. The bus had an equivalent continuous sound average (L eq ) of 75 dBA, while the metro had 85.2 dBA. Based on the metabolic equivalent of task (MET) calculations, the metro displays the least sedentary behavior, while the bus presents the most sedentary behavior with up to 96.5% of its commute spent in this classification. The metro was the fastest mode of transportation based on the consistency of its travel times compared to the bus, which despite also being consistent, was slower by 1.8 times. The car measurement values reside in the middle of the metro and bus results. Despite this, it is considered the worst mode of transportation, as it goes against the idea of a less congested and clean city. It also has a highly variable commuting time, which sometimes makes it slower than the metro, especially during the school period. According to our results, we concluded that the metro had efficient indoor ventilation while the bus did not. There were several instances of inefficient ventilation with concentrations exceeding 1000 ppm, particularly between Restauradores and Saldanha due to overcrowding. Referring to the health impacts of noise, the metro dBA levels are not sustained for enough time to have any measurable negative impact. Sensor performance was considered acceptable for the CO 2 sensor. The dBA and heart rate (HR) sensors were considered acceptable to sometimes irregular in nature, which was expected and taken into consideration.

Suggested Citation

  • Angelo Soares & Cristina Catita & Carla Silva, 2020. "Exploratory Research of CO 2 , Noise and Metabolic Energy Expenditure in Lisbon Commuting," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(4), pages 1-18, February.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:13:y:2020:i:4:p:861-:d:321335
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/13/4/861/pdf
    Download Restriction: no

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/13/4/861/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Lara Engelfriet & Eric Koomen, 2018. "The impact of urban form on commuting in large Chinese cities," Transportation, Springer, vol. 45(5), pages 1269-1295, September.
    2. Neitzel, R. & Gershon, R.R.M. & Zeltser, M. & Canton, A. & Akram, M., 2009. "Noise levels associated with New York City's mass transit systems," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 99(8), pages 1393-1399.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Angelo Roldão Soares & Duarte Neto & Tiago Avelino & Carla Silva, 2020. "Ground Level Ozone Formation Near a Traffic Intersection: Lisbon “Rotunda De Entrecampos” Case Study," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(7), pages 1-17, March.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Zhong Zheng & Suhong Zhou & Xingdong Deng, 2022. "The spatially heterogeneous and double-edged effect of the built environment on commuting distance: Home-based and work-based perspectives," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 17(3), pages 1-24, March.
    2. Xu, Tingting & Gao, Jay & Li, Yuhua, 2019. "Machine learning-assisted evaluation of land use policies and plans in a rapidly urbanizing district in Chongqing, China," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 87(C).
    3. Jing Tao & Ying Wang & Rong Wang & Chuanmin Mi, 2019. "Do Compactness and Poly-Centricity Mitigate PM 10 Emissions? Evidence from Yangtze River Delta Area," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(21), pages 1-18, October.
    4. Jingming Liu & Xianhui Hou & Chuyu Xia & Xiang Kang & Yujun Zhou, 2021. "Examining the Spatial Coordination between Metrorail Accessibility and Urban Spatial Form in the Context of Big Data," Land, MDPI, vol. 10(6), pages 1-20, May.
    5. Zheng, Zhong & Zhou, Suhong & Deng, Xingdong, 2021. "Exploring both home-based and work-based jobs-housing balance by distance decay effect," Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier, vol. 93(C).
    6. Ahlfeldt, Gabriel M. & Nitsch, Volker & Wendland, Nicolai, 2019. "Ease vs. noise: Long-run changes in the value of transport (dis)amenities," Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, Elsevier, vol. 98(C).
    7. Xiaoquan Wang & Weifeng Wang & Chaoying Yin, 2023. "Exploring the Relationships between Multilevel Built Environments and Commute Durations in Dual-Earner Households: Does Gender Matter?," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(6), pages 1-17, March.
    8. Gao, Jiong & Ma, Shoufeng & Zou, Hongyang & Du, Huibin, 2023. "How does population agglomeration influence the adoption of new energy vehicles? Evidence from 290 cities in China," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 196(C).
    9. Islam, Md Rabiul & Saphores, Jean-Daniel M., 2022. "An L.A. story: The impact of housing costs on commuting," Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier, vol. 98(C).
    10. Jiewei Li & Ling Jin & Han Deng & Lin Yang, 2023. "Review on Decarbonizing the Transportation Sector in China: Overview, Analysis, and Perspectives," Papers 2310.00613, arXiv.org.
    11. Yang Liu & Yanjie Ji & Tao Feng & Zhuangbin Shi, 2020. "Use Frequency of Metro–Bikeshare Integration: Evidence from Nanjing, China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(4), pages 1-16, February.
    12. Pang, Jindong & An, Lan & Shen, Shulin, 2023. "Gasoline prices, traffic congestion, and carbon emissions," Resource and Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 75(C).
    13. Mei Zhang & Jia Tang & Jun Gao, 2023. "Examining the Effects of Built Environments and Individual Characteristics on Commuting Time under Spatial Heterogeneity: An Empirical Study in China Using HLM," Land, MDPI, vol. 12(8), pages 1-20, August.
    14. Yuxin Liu & Chenjing Fan & Dongdong Xue, 2024. "A Review of the Effects of Urban and Green Space Forms on the Carbon Budget Using a Landscape Sustainability Framework," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(5), pages 1-29, February.
    15. Ze Liang & Yueyao Wang & Jiao Huang & Feili Wei & Shuyao Wu & Jiashu Shen & Fuyue Sun & Shuangcheng Li, 2020. "Seasonal and Diurnal Variations in the Relationships between Urban Form and the Urban Heat Island Effect," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(22), pages 1-19, November.
    16. João Monteiro & Nuno Sousa & João Coutinho-Rodrigues & Eduardo Natividade-Jesus, 2024. "Challenges Ahead for Sustainable Cities: An Urban Form and Transport System Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(2), pages 1-26, January.
    17. Kush Mohan Mittal & Marc Timme & Malte Schröder, 2024. "Efficient self-organization of informal public transport networks," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 15(1), pages 1-8, December.
    18. Lin Ma & Yueyao Wang & Ze Liang & Jiaqi Ding & Jiashu Shen & Feili Wei & Shuangcheng Li, 2021. "Changing Effect of Urban Form on the Seasonal and Diurnal Variations of Surface Urban Heat Island Intensities (SUHIIs) in More Than 3000 Cities in China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(5), pages 1-17, March.
    19. Feng Ren & Jinbo Zhang & Xiuyun Yang, 2023. "Study on the Effect of Job Accessibility and Residential Location on Housing Occupancy Rate: A Case Study of Xiamen, China," Land, MDPI, vol. 12(4), pages 1-21, April.
    20. Jones, Peter & Lucas, Karen, 2012. "The social consequences of transport decision-making: clarifying concepts, synthesising knowledge and assessing implications," Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier, vol. 21(C), pages 4-16.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:13:y:2020:i:4:p:861-:d:321335. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.