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Private and Externality Costs and Benefits of Recycling Crystalline Silicon (c-Si) Photovoltaic Panels

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  • Elizabeth Markert

    (Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Toledo, Toledo Lucas County, OH 43606, USA)

  • Ilke Celik

    (Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin–Platteville, Platteville Grant County, WI 53818, USA)

  • Defne Apul

    (Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Toledo, Toledo Lucas County, OH 43606, USA)

Abstract

With solar photovoltaics (PV) playing an increasing role in our global energy market, it is now timely and critical to understand the end of life management of the solar panels. Recycling the panels can be an important pathway, possibly recovering a considerable amount of materials and adding economic benefits from currently installed solar panels. Yet, to date, the costs and benefits of recycling, especially when externality costs resulting from environmental pollution are considered, are largely unknown. In this study, we quantified the private and externality costs and benefits of recycling crystalline silicon (c-Si) PV panels. We found that the private cost of end-of-life (EoL) management of the c-Si PV module is USD 6.7/m 2 and much of this cost is from transporting (USD 3.3/m 2 ) and landfilling (USD 3.1/m 2 ), while the actual recycling process (the cost of consumed materials, electricity or the investment for the recycling facilities) is very small (USD 0.3/m 2 ). We found that the external cost of PV EoL management is very similar to the private cost (USD 5.2/m 2 ). Unlike the breakdown of the private costs, much of the externality costs (USD 4.08/m 2 ) come from the recycling process, which suggests that more environmentally friendly methods (e.g., recycling methods that involve fewer toxic chemicals, acids, etc.) should be preferred. We estimated that the total economic value of the recycled materials from c-Si PV waste is USD 13.6/m 2 . This means that when externality costs are not considered, the net benefit of recycling is USD 6.7; when the externality cost of recycling is considered, there is still a net benefit of USD 1.19 per m 2 .

Suggested Citation

  • Elizabeth Markert & Ilke Celik & Defne Apul, 2020. "Private and Externality Costs and Benefits of Recycling Crystalline Silicon (c-Si) Photovoltaic Panels," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(14), pages 1-13, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:13:y:2020:i:14:p:3650-:d:384821
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Marina Monteiro Lunardi & Juan Pablo Alvarez-Gaitan & Jose I. Bilbao & Richard Corkish, 2018. "A Review of Recycling Processes for Photovoltaic Modules," Chapters, in: Beddiaf Zaidi (ed.), Solar Panels and Photovoltaic Materials, IntechOpen.
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    1. Iliana Papamichael & Irene Voukkali & Mejdi Jeguirim & Nikolaos Argirusis & Salah Jellali & Georgia Sourkouni & Christos Argirusis & Antonis A. Zorpas, 2022. "End-of-Life Management and Recycling on PV Solar Energy Production," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(17), pages 1-5, September.
    2. Ilke Celik & Ramez Hosseinian Ahangharnejhad & Zhaoning Song & Michael Heben & Defne Apul, 2020. "Emerging Photovoltaic (PV) Materials for a Low Carbon Economy," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(16), pages 1-10, August.
    3. Vishnu S Prabhu & Shraddha Shrivastava & Kakali Mukhopadhyay, 2022. "Life Cycle Assessment of Solar Photovoltaic in India: A Circular Economy Approach," Circular Economy and Sustainability, Springer, vol. 2(2), pages 507-534, June.
    4. Megan Belongeay & Gabriela Shirkey & Marina Monteiro Lunardi & Gonzalo Rodriguez-Garcia & Parikhit Sinha & Richard Corkish & Rodney A. Stewart & Annick Anctil & Jiquan Chen & Ilke Celik, 2023. "Photovoltaic Systems through the Lens of Material-Energy-Water Nexus," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(7), pages 1-12, March.
    5. Pinto, Helen & Gates, Ian D., 2022. "Why is it so difficult to replace diesel in Nunavut, Canada?," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 157(C).
    6. Dias, Pablo R. & Schmidt, Lucas & Chang, Nathan L. & Monteiro Lunardi, Marina & Deng, Rong & Trigger, Blair & Bonan Gomes, Lucas & Egan, Renate & Veit, Hugo, 2022. "High yield, low cost, environmentally friendly process to recycle silicon solar panels: Technical, economic and environmental feasibility assessment," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 169(C).
    7. Galyna Trypolska & Tetiana Kurbatova & Olha Prokopenko & Honorata Howaniec & Yuriy Klapkiv, 2022. "Wind and Solar Power Plant End-of-Life Equipment: Prospects for Management in Ukraine," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(5), pages 1-15, February.
    8. Ganesan, Kishore & Valderrama, César, 2022. "Anticipatory life cycle analysis framework for sustainable management of end-of-life crystalline silicon photovoltaic panels," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 245(C).
    9. Chelsea Schelly & Don Lee & Elise Matz & Joshua M. Pearce, 2021. "Applying a Relationally and Socially Embedded Decision Framework to Solar Photovoltaic Adoption: A Conceptual Exploration," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(2), pages 1-18, January.
    10. Adrian Czajkowski & Agata Wajda & Nikolina Poranek & Shubhangi Bhadoria & Leszek Remiorz, 2022. "Prediction of the Market of End-of-Life Photovoltaic Panels in the Context of Common EU Management System," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(1), pages 1-15, December.

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