IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v12y2019i3p403-d201284.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Renewable Energy Generation Scenarios Using 3D Urban Modeling Tools—Methodology for Heat Pump and Co-Generation Systems with Case Study Application †

Author

Listed:
  • Verena Weiler

    (Centre for Sustainable Energy Technology, University of Applied Sciences Stuttgart, 70174 Stuttgart, Germany
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Jonas Stave

    (Centre for Sustainable Energy Technology, University of Applied Sciences Stuttgart, 70174 Stuttgart, Germany
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Ursula Eicker

    (Centre for Sustainable Energy Technology, University of Applied Sciences Stuttgart, 70174 Stuttgart, Germany)

Abstract

In the paper, a method was developed to automatically dimensionalize and calculate central energy generation and supply scenarios with a district heating system for cities based on 3D building models in the CityGML format and their simulated heat demand. In addition, the roof geometry of every individual building is used to model photovoltaic energy generation potential. Two types of supply systems, namely a central heat pump (HP) system and a large co-generation (combined heat and power-CHP) system (both with a central storage and district distribution system), are modeled to supply the heat demand of the area under investigation. Both energy generation models are applied to a case study town of 1610 buildings. For the HP scenario, it can be shown that the case study town’s heat demand can be covered by a monovalent, low-temperature system with storage, but that the PV only contributes 15% to the HP electricity requirement. For the CHP scenario, only 61% of the heat demand can be covered by the CHP, as it was designed for a minimum of 4000 operating hours. Both the PV and the CHP excess electricity are fully injected into the grid. As a result, the primary energy comparison of both systems strongly depends on the chosen primary energy factors (PEF): with given German regulations the CHP system performs better than the HP system, as the grid-injected electricity has a PEF of 2.8. In the future, with increasingly lower PEFs for electricity, the situation reverses, and HPs perform better, especially if the CHP continues to use natural gas. Even when renewable gas from a power to gas (P2G) process is used for the CHP, the primary energy balance of the HP system is better, because of high conversion losses in the P2G process.

Suggested Citation

  • Verena Weiler & Jonas Stave & Ursula Eicker, 2019. "Renewable Energy Generation Scenarios Using 3D Urban Modeling Tools—Methodology for Heat Pump and Co-Generation Systems with Case Study Application †," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(3), pages 1-19, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:12:y:2019:i:3:p:403-:d:201284
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/12/3/403/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/12/3/403/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Li, Wenliang & Zhou, Yuyu & Cetin, Kristen & Eom, Jiyong & Wang, Yu & Chen, Gang & Zhang, Xuesong, 2017. "Modeling urban building energy use: A review of modeling approaches and procedures," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 141(C), pages 2445-2457.
    2. Jensen, Jonas K. & Ommen, Torben & Markussen, Wiebke B. & Elmegaard, Brian, 2017. "Design of serially connected district heating heat pumps utilising a geothermal heat source," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 137(C), pages 865-877.
    3. Averfalk, Helge & Ingvarsson, Paul & Persson, Urban & Gong, Mei & Werner, Sven, 2017. "Large heat pumps in Swedish district heating systems," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 79(C), pages 1275-1284.
    4. Hay, John E., 1993. "Calculating solar radiation for horizontal surfaces—II. Empirically based approaches," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 3(4), pages 365-372.
    5. Dalla Rosa, A. & Li, H. & Svendsen, S., 2011. "Method for optimal design of pipes for low-energy district heating, with focus on heat losses," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 36(5), pages 2407-2418.
    6. Hay, John E., 1993. "Calculating solar radiation for inclined surfaces: Practical approaches," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 3(4), pages 373-380.
    7. Alberg Østergaard, Poul & Mathiesen, Brian Vad & Möller, Bernd & Lund, Henrik, 2010. "A renewable energy scenario for Aalborg Municipality based on low-temperature geothermal heat, wind power and biomass," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 35(12), pages 4892-4901.
    8. Hay, John E., 1993. "Calculating solar radiation for horizontal surfaces—I. Theoretically based approaches," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 3(4), pages 357-364.
    9. Lake, Andrew & Rezaie, Behanz & Beyerlein, Steven, 2017. "Review of district heating and cooling systems for a sustainable future," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 67(C), pages 417-425.
    10. Allegrini, Jonas & Orehounig, Kristina & Mavromatidis, Georgios & Ruesch, Florian & Dorer, Viktor & Evins, Ralph, 2015. "A review of modelling approaches and tools for the simulation of district-scale energy systems," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 52(C), pages 1391-1404.
    11. Lund, Henrik & Werner, Sven & Wiltshire, Robin & Svendsen, Svend & Thorsen, Jan Eric & Hvelplund, Frede & Mathiesen, Brian Vad, 2014. "4th Generation District Heating (4GDH)," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 68(C), pages 1-11.
    12. Eriksson, Marcus & Vamling, Lennart, 2007. "Future use of heat pumps in Swedish district heating systems: Short- and long-term impact of policy instruments and planned investments," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 84(12), pages 1240-1257, December.
    13. Lukač, Niko & Žlaus, Danijel & Seme, Sebastijan & Žalik, Borut & Štumberger, Gorazd, 2013. "Rating of roofs’ surfaces regarding their solar potential and suitability for PV systems, based on LiDAR data," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 102(C), pages 803-812.
    14. Chen, Yixing & Hong, Tianzhen & Piette, Mary Ann, 2017. "Automatic generation and simulation of urban building energy models based on city datasets for city-scale building retrofit analysis," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 205(C), pages 323-335.
    15. Frayssinet, Loïc & Merlier, Lucie & Kuznik, Frédéric & Hubert, Jean-Luc & Milliez, Maya & Roux, Jean-Jacques, 2018. "Modeling the heating and cooling energy demand of urban buildings at city scale," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 81(P2), pages 2318-2327.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Heendeniya, Charitha Buddhika & Sumper, Andreas & Eicker, Ursula, 2020. "The multi-energy system co-planning of nearly zero-energy districts – Status-quo and future research potential," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 267(C).
    2. Vytautas Bocullo & Linas Martišauskas & Ramūnas Gatautis & Otilija Vonžudaitė & Rimantas Bakas & Darius Milčius & Rytis Venčaitis & Darius Pupeikis, 2023. "A Digital Twin Approach to City Block Renovation Using RES Technologies," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(12), pages 1-26, June.
    3. S. Köhler & M. Betz & E. Duminil & U. Eicker & B. Schröter, 2021. "A holistic approach to model electricity loads in cities [Ein ganzheitlicher Ansatz zur Modellierung des Stromverbrauchs in Städten]," Sustainability Nexus Forum, Springer, vol. 29(2), pages 143-152, June.
    4. Eid Gul & Giorgio Baldinelli & Pietro Bartocci, 2022. "Energy Transition: Renewable Energy-Based Combined Heat and Power Optimization Model for Distributed Communities," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(18), pages 1-18, September.
    5. Verena Weiler & Ursula Eicker, 2021. "Automatic energy demand and system simulation at district level," Sustainability Nexus Forum, Springer, vol. 29(2), pages 133-141, June.
    6. Francesco Calise & Maria Vicidomini & Mário Costa & Qiuwang Wang & Poul Alberg Østergaard & Neven Duić, 2019. "Toward an Efficient and Sustainable Use of Energy in Industries and Cities," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(16), pages 1-28, August.
    7. Keyu Bao & Rushikesh Padsala & Volker Coors & Daniela Thrän & Bastian Schröter, 2021. "A GIS-Based Simulation Method for Regional Food Potential and Demand," Land, MDPI, vol. 10(8), pages 1-18, August.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Michael-Allan Millar & Bruce Elrick & Greg Jones & Zhibin Yu & Neil M. Burnside, 2020. "Roadblocks to Low Temperature District Heating," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(22), pages 1-21, November.
    2. Heidenthaler, Daniel & Deng, Yingwen & Leeb, Markus & Grobbauer, Michael & Kranzl, Lukas & Seiwald, Lena & Mascherbauer, Philipp & Reindl, Patricia & Bednar, Thomas, 2023. "Automated energy performance certificate based urban building energy modelling approach for predicting heat load profiles of districts," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 278(PB).
    3. Sayegh, M.A. & Danielewicz, J. & Nannou, T. & Miniewicz, M. & Jadwiszczak, P. & Piekarska, K. & Jouhara, H., 2017. "Trends of European research and development in district heating technologies," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 68(P2), pages 1183-1192.
    4. Rämä, Miika & Wahlroos, Mikko, 2018. "Introduction of new decentralised renewable heat supply in an existing district heating system," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 154(C), pages 68-79.
    5. Jasiewicz Jarosław & Cierniewski Jerzy, 2021. "SALBEC – A Python Library and GUI Application to Calculate the Diurnal Variation of the Soil Albedo," Quaestiones Geographicae, Sciendo, vol. 40(3), pages 95-107, September.
    6. Marcello Aprile & Rossano Scoccia & Alice Dénarié & Pál Kiss & Marcell Dombrovszky & Damian Gwerder & Philipp Schuetz & Peru Elguezabal & Beñat Arregi, 2019. "District Power-To-Heat/Cool Complemented by Sewage Heat Recovery," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(3), pages 1-21, January.
    7. Zhang, Xingxing & Lovati, Marco & Vigna, Ilaria & Widén, Joakim & Han, Mengjie & Gal, Csilla & Feng, Tao, 2018. "A review of urban energy systems at building cluster level incorporating renewable-energy-source (RES) envelope solutions," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 230(C), pages 1034-1056.
    8. Ioan Sarbu & Matei Mirza & Daniel Muntean, 2022. "Integration of Renewable Energy Sources into Low-Temperature District Heating Systems: A Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(18), pages 1-28, September.
    9. Golmohamadi, Hessam & Larsen, Kim Guldstrand & Jensen, Peter Gjøl & Hasrat, Imran Riaz, 2022. "Integration of flexibility potentials of district heating systems into electricity markets: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 159(C).
    10. Popovski, Eftim & Aydemir, Ali & Fleiter, Tobias & Bellstädt, Daniel & Büchele, Richard & Steinbach, Jan, 2019. "The role and costs of large-scale heat pumps in decarbonising existing district heating networks – A case study for the city of Herten in Germany," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 180(C), pages 918-933.
    11. Ommen, Torben & Thorsen, Jan Eric & Markussen, Wiebke Brix & Elmegaard, Brian, 2017. "Performance of ultra low temperature district heating systems with utility plant and booster heat pumps," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 137(C), pages 544-555.
    12. Østergaard, Poul Alberg & Andersen, Anders N., 2016. "Booster heat pumps and central heat pumps in district heating," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 184(C), pages 1374-1388.
    13. Kristensen, Martin Heine & Hedegaard, Rasmus Elbæk & Petersen, Steffen, 2020. "Long-term forecasting of hourly district heating loads in urban areas using hierarchical archetype modeling," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 201(C).
    14. Verschelde, Tars & D'haeseleer, William, 2021. "Methodology for a global sensitivity analysis with machine learning on an energy system planning model in the context of thermal networks," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 232(C).
    15. Alessandro Guzzini & Marco Pellegrini & Edoardo Pelliconi & Cesare Saccani, 2020. "Low Temperature District Heating: An Expert Opinion Survey," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(4), pages 1-34, February.
    16. Bianchi, Carlo & Zhang, Liang & Goldwasser, David & Parker, Andrew & Horsey, Henry, 2020. "Modeling occupancy-driven building loads for large and diversified building stocks through the use of parametric schedules," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 276(C).
    17. Chinchilla, Monica & Santos-Martín, David & Carpintero-Rentería, Miguel & Lemon, Scott, 2021. "Worldwide annual optimum tilt angle model for solar collectors and photovoltaic systems in the absence of site meteorological data," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 281(C).
    18. Kafka, Jennifer & Miller, Mark A., 2020. "The dual angle solar harvest (DASH) method: An alternative method for organizing large solar panel arrays that optimizes incident solar energy in conjunction with land use," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 155(C), pages 531-546.
    19. Averfalk, Helge & Ingvarsson, Paul & Persson, Urban & Gong, Mei & Werner, Sven, 2017. "Large heat pumps in Swedish district heating systems," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 79(C), pages 1275-1284.
    20. Gassar, Abdo Abdullah Ahmed & Cha, Seung Hyun, 2021. "Review of geographic information systems-based rooftop solar photovoltaic potential estimation approaches at urban scales," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 291(C).

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:12:y:2019:i:3:p:403-:d:201284. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.