IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v12y2019i2p210-d196381.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Linear Optimisation of a Settlement Towards the Energy-Plus House Standard

Author

Listed:
  • Matthias Slonski

    (Institute of new Energy Systems, Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt, Esplanade 10, 85049 Ingolstadt, Bavaria, Germany)

  • Tobias Schrag

    (Institute of new Energy Systems, Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt, Esplanade 10, 85049 Ingolstadt, Bavaria, Germany)

Abstract

Future buildings will use technologies that are either well-known, innovative, or a combination thereof in order to be environmentally friendly and feasible at the same time. To evaluate and compare such systems through simulation, adaptive tools need to be available. This paper describes a conceived method for planning quarters and settlements. The novelty of this work emerges from the combination of a building simulation with a linear economic optimisation of the energy system, to achieve the energy-plus house standard for a settlement. Furthermore, the tools applied are adaptive or open source. In this article, a hypothetical basic example is given for a predefined idealised settlement, which consists of 132 single-family houses of one building type. The hourly demand for electrical energy and heat is established for three energy-efficiency classes for the building type with a dynamic simulation in MATLAB/SIMULINK using the CARNOT toolbox. This toolbox is also used to calculate the specific electrical energy production by photovoltaics. The components for the energy system of the settlement are implemented in the open source linear optimisation tool URBS. An economic optimum for the energy system of the settlement is found for each of the energy efficiency classes for an accumulated energy demand of the buildings. In this way, a lossless energy hub between the buildings is assumed. The results of the conducted simulations indicate that the optimal ratio of air/water to ground/water heat pumps shifts towards air/water heat pumps with more energy efficient houses. This is due to the lower specific investment costs, which outweigh the operational costs when less energy is required. The lowest costs for the entire energy system are for the one with the most energy efficient settlement. This is the case, as the costs for the higher energy standard of the buildings are not considered in the calculations. The behaviour of the optimisation is tested and discussed through a sensitivity analysis for one efficiency class. By presenting this simple, comprehensible example, an impression of the possible applications for this methodology is conveyed.

Suggested Citation

  • Matthias Slonski & Tobias Schrag, 2019. "Linear Optimisation of a Settlement Towards the Energy-Plus House Standard," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(2), pages 1-12, January.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:12:y:2019:i:2:p:210-:d:196381
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/12/2/210/pdf
    Download Restriction: no

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/12/2/210/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Cesare Biserni & Paolo Valdiserri & Dario D’Orazio & Massimo Garai, 2018. "Energy Retrofitting Strategies and Economic Assessments: The Case Study of a Residential Complex Using Utility Bills," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(8), pages 1-15, August.
    2. Muhammad Asif, 2016. "Urban Scale Application of Solar PV to Improve Sustainability in the Building and the Energy Sectors of KSA," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 8(11), pages 1-11, November.
    3. Juan Rojas-Fernández & Carmen Galán-Marín & Carlos Rivera-Gómez & Enrique D. Fernández-Nieto, 2018. "Exploring the Interplay between CAD and FreeFem++ as an Energy Decision-Making Tool for Architectural Design," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(10), pages 1-19, October.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Bartosz Radomski & Tomasz Mróz, 2023. "Application of the Hybrid MCDM Method for Energy Modernisation of an Existing Public Building—A Case Study," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(8), pages 1-18, April.
    2. Jan Taler & Paweł Ocłoń & Marcin Trojan & Abdulmajeed Mohamad, 2019. "Selected Papers from the XI International Conference on Computational Heat, Mass and Momentum Transfer (ICCHMT 2018)," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(12), pages 1-3, June.
    3. Bartosz Radomski & Tomasz Mróz, 2021. "The Methodology for Designing Residential Buildings with a Positive Energy Balance—Case Study," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(16), pages 1-19, August.
    4. Abdulraheem Salaymeh & Irene Peters & Stefan Holler, 2024. "Factoring Building Refurbishment and Climatic Effect into Heat Demand Assessments and Forecasts: Case Study and Open Datasets for Germany," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(3), pages 1-21, January.
    5. Szymon Firląg, 2019. "Cost-Optimal Plus Energy Building in a Cold Climate," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(20), pages 1-20, October.
    6. Bartosz Radomski & Tomasz Mróz, 2021. "The Methodology for Designing Residential Buildings with a Positive Energy Balance—General Approach," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(15), pages 1-16, August.
    7. Phillip Jones & Xiaojun Li & Ester Coma Bassas & Emmanouil Perisoglou & Jo Patterson, 2020. "Energy-Positive House: Performance Assessment through Simulation and Measurement," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(18), pages 1-21, September.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Anna Życzyńska & Dariusz Majerek & Zbigniew Suchorab & Agnieszka Żelazna & Václav Kočí & Robert Černý, 2021. "Improving the Energy Performance of Public Buildings Equipped with Individual Gas Boilers Due to Thermal Retrofitting," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(6), pages 1-19, March.
    2. Soheil Kavian & Mohsen Saffari Pour & Ali Hakkaki-Fard, 2019. "Optimized Design of the District Heating System by Considering the Techno-Economic Aspects and Future Weather Projection," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(9), pages 1-30, May.
    3. Waad Bouaguel & Tagreed Alsulimani, 2022. "Understanding the Factors Influencing Consumers’ Intention toward Shifting to Solar Energy Technology for Residential Use in Saudi Arabia Using the Technology Acceptance Model," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(18), pages 1-19, September.
    4. Anna Życzyńska & Zbigniew Suchorab & Jan Kočí & Robert Černý, 2020. "Energy Effects of Retrofitting the Educational Facilities Located in South-Eastern Poland," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(10), pages 1-16, May.
    5. Carlos Carbonell-Carrera & Jose Luis Saorin & Stephany Hess-Medler, 2020. "A Geospatial Thinking Multiyear Study," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(11), pages 1-15, June.
    6. Silvia Cesari & Paolo Valdiserri & Maddalena Coccagna & Sante Mazzacane, 2020. "The Energy Saving Potential of Wide Windows in Hospital Patient Rooms, Optimizing the Type of Glazing and Lighting Control Strategy under Different Climatic Conditions," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(8), pages 1-24, April.
    7. Abdullah Shaher & Saad Alqahtani & Ali Garada & Liana Cipcigan, 2023. "Rooftop Solar Photovoltaic in Saudi Arabia to Supply Electricity Demand in Localised Urban Areas: A Study of the City of Abha," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(11), pages 1-24, May.
    8. Jun-Woo Choi & Yong-Joon Jun & Jin-ha Yoon & Young-hak Song & Kyung-Soon Park, 2019. "A Study of Energy Simulation Integrated Process by Automated Extraction Module of the BIM Geometry Module," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(13), pages 1-12, June.
    9. Hamburg, Anti & Kuusk, Kalle & Mikola, Alo & Kalamees, Targo, 2020. "Realisation of energy performance targets of an old apartment building renovated to nZEB," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 194(C).
    10. Anna Życzyńska & Zbigniew Suchorab & Dariusz Majerek, 2020. "Influence of Thermal Retrofitting on Annual Energy Demand for Heating in Multi-Family Buildings," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(18), pages 1-19, September.
    11. Dehwah, Ammar H.A. & Asif, Muhammad, 2019. "Assessment of net energy contribution to buildings by rooftop photovoltaic systems in hot-humid climates," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 131(C), pages 1288-1299.
    12. Agata Ołtarzewska & Dorota Anna Krawczyk, 2022. "Analysis of the Influence of Selected Factors on Heating Costs and Pollutant Emissions in a Cold Climate Based on the Example of a Service Building Located in Bialystok," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(23), pages 1-13, December.
    13. Mariarosa Argentiero & Pasquale Marcello Falcone, 2020. "The Role of Earth Observation Satellites in Maximizing Renewable Energy Production: Case Studies Analysis for Renewable Power Plants," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(5), pages 1-19, March.
    14. José Edmundo de Almeida Pais & Hugo D. N. Raposo & José Torres Farinha & Antonio J. Marques Cardoso & Pedro Alexandre Marques, 2021. "Optimizing the Life Cycle of Physical Assets through an Integrated Life Cycle Assessment Method," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(19), pages 1-24, September.
    15. Sojung Kim & Sumin Kim, 2023. "Economic Feasibility Comparison between Building-Integrated Photovoltaics and Green Systems in Northeast Texas," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(12), pages 1-14, June.
    16. Marek Borowski, 2022. "Hotel Adapted to the Requirements of an nZEB Building—Thermal Energy Performance and Assessment of Energy Retrofit Plan," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(17), pages 1-17, August.
    17. Khalid Alrashoud & Koji Tokimatsu, 2019. "Factors Influencing Social Perception of Residential Solar Photovoltaic Systems in Saudi Arabia," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(19), pages 1-22, September.
    18. Kyung Hwa Cho & Sun Sook Kim, 2019. "Energy Performance Assessment According to Data Acquisition Levels of Existing Buildings," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(6), pages 1-17, March.
    19. Yujie Lu & Fangxin Yi & Shaocong Yu & Yangtian Feng & Yujuan Wang, 2022. "Pathways to Sustainable Deployment of Solar Photovoltaic Policies in 20 Leading Countries Using a Qualitative Comparative Analysis," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(10), pages 1-16, May.
    20. Mohammad B. Hamida & Wahhaj Ahmed & Muhammad Asif & Faris Abdullah Almaziad, 2020. "Techno-Economic Assessment of Energy Retrofitting Educational Buildings: A Case Study in Saudi Arabia," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(1), pages 1-15, December.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:12:y:2019:i:2:p:210-:d:196381. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.