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Global Warming Potential of Biomass-to-Ethanol: Review and Sensitivity Analysis through a Case Study

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  • Rui Pacheco

    (Instituto de Bioengenharia e Biociências, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal)

  • Carla Silva

    (Instituto Dom Luiz, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal)

Abstract

In Europe, ethanol is blended with gasoline fuel in 5 or 10% volume (E5 or E10). In USA the blend is 15% in volume (E15) and there are also pumps that provide E85. In Brazil, the conventional gasoline is E27 and there are pumps that offer E100, due to the growing market of flex fuel vehicles. Bioethanol production is usually by means of biological conversion of several biomass feedstocks (first generation sugar cane in Brazil, corn in the USA, sugar beet in Europe, or second-generation bagasse of sugarcane or lignocellulosic materials from crop wastes). The environmental sustainability of the bioethanol is usually measured by the global warming potential metric (GWP in CO 2 eq), 100 years time horizon. Reviewed values could range from 0.31 to 5.55 gCO 2 eq/L ETOH . A biomass-to-ethanol industrial scenario was used to evaluate the impact of methodological choices on CO 2 eq: conventional versus dynamic Life Cycle Assessment; different impact assessment methods (TRACI, IPCC, ILCD, IMPACT, EDIP, and CML); electricity mix of the geographical region/country for different factory locations; differences in CO 2 eq factor for CH 4 and N 2 O due to updates in Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports (5 reports so far), different factory operational lifetimes and future improved productivities. Results showed that the electricity mix (factory location) and land use are the factors that have the greatest effect (up to 800% deviation). The use of the CO 2 equivalency factors stated in different IPCC reports has the least influence (less than 3%). The consideration of the biogenic emissions (uptake at agricultural stage and release at the fermentation stage) and different allocation methods is also influential, and each can make values vary by 250%.

Suggested Citation

  • Rui Pacheco & Carla Silva, 2019. "Global Warming Potential of Biomass-to-Ethanol: Review and Sensitivity Analysis through a Case Study," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(13), pages 1-18, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:12:y:2019:i:13:p:2535-:d:244797
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    3. Isler-Kaya, Asli & Karaosmanoglu, Filiz, 2022. "Life cycle assessment of safflower and sugar beet molasses-based biofuels," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 201(P1), pages 1127-1138.
    4. Yee Ho Chai & Suzana Yusup & Wan Nadiah Amalina Kadir & Chung Yiin Wong & Siti Suhailah Rosli & Muhammad Syafiq Hazwan Ruslan & Bridgid Lai Fui Chin & Chung Loong Yiin, 2020. "Valorization of Tropical Biomass Waste by Supercritical Fluid Extraction Technology," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(1), pages 1-24, December.
    5. Carla Silva, 2021. "Greenhouse Gas Emission Assessment of Simulated Wastewater Biorefinery," Resources, MDPI, vol. 10(8), pages 1-14, July.
    6. Remston Martis & Amani Al-Othman & Muhammad Tawalbeh & Malek Alkasrawi, 2020. "Energy and Economic Analysis of Date Palm Biomass Feedstock for Biofuel Production in UAE: Pyrolysis, Gasification and Fermentation," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(22), pages 1-34, November.
    7. Debora Sotto & Arlindo Philippi & Tan Yigitcanlar & Md Kamruzzaman, 2019. "Aligning Urban Policy with Climate Action in the Global South: Are Brazilian Cities Considering Climate Emergency in Local Planning Practice?," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(18), pages 1-31, September.

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