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Performance and Emission Analysis of Rubber Seed, Palm, and Their Combined Blend in a Multi-Cylinder Diesel Engine

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  • Ibrahim Khalil Adam

    (Centre for Automotive Research and Electric Mobility, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
    Mechanical Engineering Department, Blue Nile University, 143 Er Roseires, Ad Damazin, Sudan)

  • Abdul Rashid Abdul Aziz

    (Centre for Automotive Research and Electric Mobility, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia)

  • Morgan R. Heikal

    (Centre for Automotive Research and Electric Mobility, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
    Advance Engineering Centre, University of Brighton; Brighton BN2 4GJ, UK)

  • Suzana Yusup

    (Center of Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Biomass Processing Laboratory; Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia)

  • Firmansyah

    (Centre for Automotive Research and Electric Mobility, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia)

  • Ahmad Shahrul Ahmad

    (Centre for Automotive Research and Electric Mobility, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia)

  • Ezrann Zharif Zainal Abidin

    (Centre for Automotive Research and Electric Mobility, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia)

Abstract

In consideration of its vast resources in Malaysia, the potential use of a nonedible biodiesel source from rubber seed oil (RSO) is explored. However, a mixture with a high saturation content feedstock is required to increase its oxidation stability, which is caused by its 78.93% unsaturation content. Two blends of 20% and 50% v / v rubber seed biodiesel (RB) or palm biodiesel (PB) and varying percentage mixtures of these two feedstock oils biodiesel (RPB) were evaluated on combustion performance in a 55 kW multi-cylinder diesel engine at full load conditions. The results showed that feedstock blending offered benefits in terms of fuel properties enhancement, improved engine performance, and reduced emissions. In comparison to RB, RPB showed higher brake power (BP) of 1.18–2.97% and lower brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) of 0.85–3.69%, smoke opacity (11.89–14.19%), carbon monoxide (CO) of 2.48–6.93%, hydrocarbon (HC) of 2.36–9.34%, and Nitrogen oxide (NO) emissions of 2.34–5.93%. The cylinder pressures and heat release rates (HRR) of RPB blends were 8.47–11.43% and 36.02–46.61% higher than diesel, respectively. The start of combustion angles (SOC) of RB and RPB blends were from −13 to −15 °C and from −13.2 to −15.6 crank angle degree (°CA) before top dead center (BTDC), but the combustion delays were 6–8 °C and 5.4–7.8 °C shorter when compared to diesel fuel which were −10 °C BTDC and 11 °C, respectively. It can be concluded that RPB blends showed better performance and emissions over the individual rubber seed and palm biodiesel blends and can replace diesel fuel in unmodified engines.

Suggested Citation

  • Ibrahim Khalil Adam & Abdul Rashid Abdul Aziz & Morgan R. Heikal & Suzana Yusup & Firmansyah & Ahmad Shahrul Ahmad & Ezrann Zharif Zainal Abidin, 2018. "Performance and Emission Analysis of Rubber Seed, Palm, and Their Combined Blend in a Multi-Cylinder Diesel Engine," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(6), pages 1-20, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:11:y:2018:i:6:p:1522-:d:151924
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    2. Jia, Meng-Chuan & Su, Sheng & He, Li-Mo & Chen, Yi-Feng & Xu, Kai & Jiang, Long & Xu, Jun & Wang, Yi & Hu, Song & Xiang, Jun, 2023. "Experimental and density functional theory study on role of calcium in NO reduction by NH3 on char surface during ammonia co-firing with pulverized coal," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 285(C).
    3. Sharzali Che Mat & Mohamad Yusof Idroas & Yew Heng Teoh & Mohd Fadzli Hamid, 2018. "Physicochemical, Performance, Combustion and Emission Characteristics of Melaleuca Cajuputi Oil-Refined Palm Oil Hybrid Biofuel Blend," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(11), pages 1-20, November.
    4. Prasad, Salvin S. & Singh, Anirudh & Prasad, Surendra, 2020. "Degummed Pongamia oil – Ethanol microemulsions as novel alternative CI engine fuels for remote Small Island Developing States: Preparation, characterization, engine performance and emissions character," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 150(C), pages 401-411.
    5. Jamshaid, M. & Masjuki, H.H. & Kalam, M.A. & Zulkifli, N.W.M. & Arslan, A. & Qureshi, A.A., 2022. "Experimental investigation of performance, emissions and tribological characteristics of B20 blend from cottonseed and palm oil biodiesels," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 239(PA).
    6. Rahim Karami & Mohammad G. Rasul & Mohammad M. K. Khan, 2020. "CFD Simulation and a Pragmatic Analysis of Performance and Emissions of Tomato Seed Biodiesel Blends in a 4-Cylinder Diesel Engine," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(14), pages 1-21, July.

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