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Effects of Pore Fluid Chemistry and Saturation Degree on the Fracability of Australian Warwick Siltstone

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  • Mandadige Samintha Anne Perera

    (Department of Infrastructure Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Building 176, Melbourne 3010, Australia
    Deep Earth Energy Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, Building 60, Melbourne 3800, Australia)

  • Kadinappuli Hewage Suresh Madushan Sampath

    (Department of Infrastructure Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Building 176, Melbourne 3010, Australia)

  • Pathegama Gamage Ranjith

    (Deep Earth Energy Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, Building 60, Melbourne 3800, Australia)

  • Tharaka Dilanka Rathnaweera

    (Deep Earth Energy Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, Building 60, Melbourne 3800, Australia)

Abstract

Fracability of unconventional gas reservoirs is an important parameter that governs the effectiveness of subsequent gas extraction. Since reservoirs are saturated with various pore fluids, it is essential to evaluate the alteration of fracability of varyingly saturated rocks. In this study, varyingly saturated (dry, water, and brine with 10%, 20% and 30% NaCl by weight) siltstone samples were subjected to uniaxial compressive loading to evaluate their fracability variation. Acoustic emission ( AE ) and ARAMIS photogrammetry analyses were incorporated to interpret the crack propagation. SEM analysis was carried out to visualize the micro-structural alterations. Results show that siltstone strength and brittleness index ( BI ) are reduced by 31.7% and 46.7% after water saturation, due to water-induced softening effect. High NaCl concentrations do not reduce the siltstone strength or brittleness significantly but may contribute to a slight re-gain of both values (about 3–4%). This may be due to NaCl crystallization in rock pore spaces, as confirmed by SEM analysis. AE analysis infers that dry siltstone exhibits a gradual fracture propagation, whereas water and brine saturated specimens exhibit a hindered fracturing ability. ARAMIS analysis illustrates that high NaCl concentrations causes rock mass failure to be converted to shear failure from splitting failure, which is in favour of fracability.

Suggested Citation

  • Mandadige Samintha Anne Perera & Kadinappuli Hewage Suresh Madushan Sampath & Pathegama Gamage Ranjith & Tharaka Dilanka Rathnaweera, 2018. "Effects of Pore Fluid Chemistry and Saturation Degree on the Fracability of Australian Warwick Siltstone," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(10), pages 1-15, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:11:y:2018:i:10:p:2795-:d:176353
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Perera, M.S.A. & Ranjith, P.G. & Viete, D.R., 2013. "Effects of gaseous and super-critical carbon dioxide saturation on the mechanical properties of bituminous coal from the Southern Sydney Basin," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 110(C), pages 73-81.
    2. Wang, Qiang & Chen, Xi & Jha, Awadhesh N. & Rogers, Howard, 2014. "Natural gas from shale formation – The evolution, evidences and challenges of shale gas revolution in United States," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 30(C), pages 1-28.
    3. Ranjith, P.G. & Perera, M.S.A., 2012. "Effects of cleat performance on strength reduction of coal in CO2 sequestration," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 45(1), pages 1069-1075.
    4. Perera, M.S.A. & Ranjith, P.G. & Peter, M., 2011. "Effects of saturation medium and pressure on strength parameters of Latrobe Valley brown coal: Carbon dioxide, water and nitrogen saturations," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 36(12), pages 6941-6947.
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