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Insights into Cottonseed Cultivar Identification Using Raman Spectroscopy and Explainable Machine Learning

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  • Jianan Chi

    (School of Information Engineering, Tarim University, Alaer 843300, China
    Southern Xinjiang Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Tarim University, Alaer 843300, China
    Henan Kaifeng College of Science Technology and Communication, Kaifeng 475000, China
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Xiangxin Bu

    (Southern Xinjiang Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Tarim University, Alaer 843300, China
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Xiao Zhang

    (School of Information Engineering, Tarim University, Alaer 843300, China
    Southern Xinjiang Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Tarim University, Alaer 843300, China)

  • Lijun Wang

    (School of Information Engineering, Tarim University, Alaer 843300, China
    Analysis and Testing Center, Tarim University, Alar 843300, China)

  • Nannan Zhang

    (School of Information Engineering, Tarim University, Alaer 843300, China
    Southern Xinjiang Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Tarim University, Alaer 843300, China)

Abstract

Securing authentic cottonseed identity information is crucial for preserving the livelihoods of farmers. Traditional seed identification methods are generally time-consuming, and have a high degree of difficulty. Raman spectroscopy, in combination with machine learning (ML), has opened up new avenues for seed identification. In this study, we explored the feasibility of using Raman spectroscopy combined with ML for cottonseed identification. Using Raman confocal microscopy, we constructed fingerprints of cottonseeds and analyzed their important Raman peaks. We integrated two feature exploration methods (Principal Component Analysis and Harris Hawk optimization) and three ML algorithms (Support Vector Machine, eXtreme Gradient Boosting, and Multi-Layer Perceptron) into a Raman spectroscopy analysis framework to accurately identify cottonseed cultivars. Through the utilization of SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP), we provide an in-depth explanation of the model’s decision-making process. Our results demonstrate that XGBoost, a tree-based model, exhibits outstanding accuracy (overall accuracy of 0.94–0.88) in cottonseed identification. Notably, lignin emerged as a pivotal factor that strongly influenced the model’s prediction of cottonseed cultivars, as revealed by the XGBoost interpretation. Overall, our study illustrates the effectiveness of combining Raman spectroscopy with ML to precisely identify cottonseed cultivars. The SHAP framework used in our study enables seed-related personnel to better comprehend the model’s prediction mechanism. These valuable insights are expected to enhance seed planting and management practices in the future.

Suggested Citation

  • Jianan Chi & Xiangxin Bu & Xiao Zhang & Lijun Wang & Nannan Zhang, 2023. "Insights into Cottonseed Cultivar Identification Using Raman Spectroscopy and Explainable Machine Learning," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 13(4), pages 1-17, March.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jagris:v:13:y:2023:i:4:p:768-:d:1107983
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Ke-Lin Du & Chi-Sing Leung & Wai Ho Mow & M. N. S. Swamy, 2022. "Perceptron: Learning, Generalization, Model Selection, Fault Tolerance, and Role in the Deep Learning Era," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 10(24), pages 1-46, December.
    2. Tin Ko Oo & Noppol Arunrat & Sukanya Sereenonchai & Achara Ussawarujikulchai & Uthai Chareonwong & Winai Nutmagul, 2022. "Comparing Four Machine Learning Algorithms for Land Cover Classification in Gold Mining: A Case Study of Kyaukpahto Gold Mine, Northern Myanmar," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(17), pages 1-15, August.
    3. Irfan Afzal & Talha Javed & Masoume Amirkhani & Alan G. Taylor, 2020. "Modern Seed Technology: Seed Coating Delivery Systems for Enhancing Seed and Crop Performance," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 10(11), pages 1-20, November.
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