IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/fan/frfrfr/vhtml10.3280-fr2022-001002.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Financial reporting and book-tax conformity: A review of the issues

Author

Listed:
  • Luca Menicacci

Abstract

This work reviews accounting research on book-tax conformity (BTC) with specific reference to financial reporting issues. There is an ongoing debate in the accounting literature about the impact of BTC levels (weak/strong) on accounting quality and on tax avoidance. Policymakers have discussed at length the opportunity to reform BTC as well. Proponents of a strong BTC argue that it can deter both financial reporting ma-nipulation and aggressive tax planning by creating contrasting incentives between book earnings maximisation and taxable income minimisation. Further controls on book earnings assured by taxing authorities will reinforce such beneficial ef-fects. Opponents of a strong BTC suggest that financial accounting decisions should not interfere with tax accounting and vice versa, as financial reporting and tax reporting have different purposes. Furthermore, under a strong BTC, managers will tend to smooth earnings to minimise income taxes, thus reducing earnings in-formativeness. Even if a strand of research based on the Tax Reform Act (TRA 86) in the US corroborates the position of opponents, a large body of literature formed in international settings has not yet reached a consensus over the conse-quences of BTC. This circumstance makes BTC a relevant topic to the current de-bate on financial reporting quality.

Suggested Citation

  • Luca Menicacci, 2022. "Financial reporting and book-tax conformity: A review of the issues," FINANCIAL REPORTING, FrancoAngeli Editore, vol. 2022(1), pages 41-77.
    • Handle: RePEc:fan:frfrfr:v:html10.3280/fr2022-001002
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.francoangeli.it/riviste/Scheda_Rivista.aspx?IDArticolo=70949&Tipo=ArticoloPDF
    Download Restriction: Single articles can be downloaded buying download credits, for info: https://www.francoangeli.it/DownloadCredit
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Calegari, Michael J., 2000. "The effect of tax accounting rules on capital structure and discretionary accruals," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 30(1), pages 1-31, August.
    2. Desai, Mihir A. & Dharmapala, Dhammika, 2006. "Corporate tax avoidance and high-powered incentives," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 79(1), pages 145-179, January.
    3. Chen, Shuping & Chen, Xia & Cheng, Qiang & Shevlin, Terry, 2010. "Are family firms more tax aggressive than non-family firms?," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 95(1), pages 41-61, January.
    4. Brenda Van Tendeloo & Ann Vanstraelen, 2008. "Earnings Management and Audit Quality in Europe: Evidence from the Private Client Segment Market," European Accounting Review, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 17(3), pages 447-469.
    5. Neil Garrod & Urska Kosi & Aljosa Valentincic, 2008. "Asset Write‐Offs in the Absence of Agency Problems," Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 35(3‐4), pages 307-330, April.
    6. Prem Sikka, 2017. "Accounting and taxation: Conjoined twins or separate siblings?," Accounting Forum, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 41(4), pages 390-405, December.
    7. Giovanna Gavana & Gabriele Guggiola & Anna Marenzi, 2013. "Evolving Connections Between Tax and Financial Reporting in Italy," Accounting in Europe, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 10(1), pages 43-70, June.
    8. Guenther, David A. & Maydew, Edward L. & Nutter, Sarah E., 1997. "Financial reporting, tax costs, and book-tax conformity," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 23(3), pages 225-248, November.
    9. Lee, Namryoung & Swenson, Charles, 2012. "Are Multinational Corporate Tax Rules as Important as Tax Rates?," The International Journal of Accounting, Elsevier, vol. 47(2), pages 155-167.
    10. Tang, Tanya & Firth, Michael, 2011. "Can book-tax differences capture earnings management and tax Management? Empirical evidence from China," The International Journal of Accounting, Elsevier, vol. 46(2), pages 175-204, June.
    11. Margaret Lamb, 1996. "The relationship between accounting and taxation: The United Kingdom," European Accounting Review, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 5(1), pages 933-949.
    12. Kristina Artsberg, 1996. "The link between commercial accounting and tax accounting in sweden," European Accounting Review, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 5(1), pages 795-814.
    13. Chih-Wen Mao & Wen-Chieh Wu, 2019. "Does the government-mandated adoption of international financial reporting standards reduce income tax revenue?," International Tax and Public Finance, Springer;International Institute of Public Finance, vol. 26(1), pages 145-166, February.
    14. Christopher Nobes & Hans Robert Schwencke, 2006. "Modelling the links between tax and financial reporting: A longitudinal examination of norway over 30 years up to IFRS adoption," European Accounting Review, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 15(1), pages 63-87.
    15. Shaviro, Daniel, 2009. "Internationalization of Income Measures and the U.S. Book–Tax Relationship," National Tax Journal, National Tax Association;National Tax Journal, vol. 62(1), pages 155-167, March.
    16. Scholes, Ms & Wilson, Gp & Wolfson, Ma, 1992. "Firms Responses To Anticipated Reductions In Tax Rates - The Tax-Reform Act Of 1986," Journal of Accounting Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 30, pages 161-185.
    17. Dhammika Dharmapala, 2020. "The Tax Elasticity of Financial Statement Income: Implications for Current Reform Proposals," National Tax Journal, National Tax Association;National Tax Journal, vol. 73(4), pages 1047-1064, December.
    18. Mafrolla, Elisabetta & D’Amico, Eugenio, 2016. "Tax aggressiveness in family firms and the non-linear entrenchment effect," Journal of Family Business Strategy, Elsevier, vol. 7(3), pages 178-184.
    19. Mills, LF, 1998. "Book-tax differences and internal revenue service adjustments," Journal of Accounting Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 36(2), pages 343-356.
    20. Christopher Nobes, 2008. "Accounting Classification in the IFRS Era," Australian Accounting Review, CPA Australia, vol. 18(3), pages 191-198, September.
    21. Mihir A. Desai, 2005. "The Degradation of Reported Corporate Profits," Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, vol. 19(4), pages 171-192, Fall.
    22. Martin Hoogendoorn, 1996. "Accounting and taxation in Europe — A comparative overview," European Accounting Review, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 5(1), pages 783-794.
    23. Nan-Ting Kuo & Cheng Few Lee, 2020. "A Potential Benefit of Increasing Book–Tax Conformity: Evidence from the Reduction in Audit Fees," World Scientific Book Chapters, in: Cheng Few Lee & John C Lee (ed.), HANDBOOK OF FINANCIAL ECONOMETRICS, MATHEMATICS, STATISTICS, AND MACHINE LEARNING, chapter 3, pages 151-197, World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd..
    24. Maria Gee & Axel Haller & Christopher Nobes, 2010. "The Influence of Tax on IFRS Consolidated Statements: The Convergence of Germany and the UK," Accounting in Europe, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 7(1), pages 97-122, June.
    25. Blake, John & Fortes, Hilary & Gowthorpe, Catherine & Paananen, Mari, 1999. "Implementing the EU accounting directives in Sweden -- practitioners' views," The International Journal of Accounting, Elsevier, vol. 34(3), pages 421-438, August.
    26. Won W. Choi & Jeffrey D. Gramlich & Jacob K. Thomas, 2001. "Potential Errors in Detecting Earnings Management: Reexamining Studies Investigating the AMT of 1986," Contemporary Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 18(4), pages 571-613, December.
    27. Graham, John R. & Raedy, Jana S. & Shackelford, Douglas A., 2012. "Accounting for Income Taxes: Primer, Extant Research, and Future Directions," Foundations and Trends(R) in Finance, now publishers, vol. 7(1–2), pages 1-157, December.
    28. Sundvik, Dennis, 2017. "Book-tax conformity and earnings management in response to tax rate cuts," Journal of International Accounting, Auditing and Taxation, Elsevier, vol. 28(C), pages 31-42.
    29. Shackelford, Douglas A. & Shevlin, Terry, 2001. "Empirical tax research in accounting," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 31(1-3), pages 321-387, September.
    30. Boynton, Ce & Dobbins, Ps & Plesko, Ga, 1992. "Earnings Management And The Corporate Alternative Minimum Tax," Journal of Accounting Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 30, pages 131-153.
    31. Margaret Lamb & Christopher Nobes & Alan Roberts, 1998. "International Variations in the Connections Between Tax and Financial Reporting," Accounting and Business Research, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 28(3), pages 173-188, March.
    32. Fulvia Rocchi, 1996. "Accounting and taxation in Italy," European Accounting Review, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 5(1), pages 981-989.
    33. Francesco Giunta, 2014. "Detecting Earnings Manipulations: Time think about european SMEs. A call for a Joint International Research Project," FINANCIAL REPORTING, FrancoAngeli Editore, vol. 2014(2-3-4), pages 5-15.
    34. Michael P. Devereux & Li Liu & Simon Loretz, 2014. "The Elasticity of Corporate Taxable Income: New Evidence from UK Tax Records," American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, American Economic Association, vol. 6(2), pages 19-53, May.
    35. Beyer, Anne & Cohen, Daniel A. & Lys, Thomas Z. & Walther, Beverly R., 2010. "The financial reporting environment: Review of the recent literature," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 50(2-3), pages 296-343, December.
    36. Ball, Ray & Shivakumar, Lakshmanan, 2005. "Earnings quality in UK private firms: comparative loss recognition timeliness," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 39(1), pages 83-128, February.
    37. A. Frydlender & D. Pham, 1996. "Relationships between accounting and taxation in France," European Accounting Review, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 5(1), pages 845-857.
    38. Daniel Lynch & Miles Romney & Bridget Stomberg & Daniel Wangerin & John R. Robinson, 2019. "Trade‐offs between Tax and Financial Reporting Benefits: Evidence from Purchase Price Allocations in Taxable Acquisitions," Contemporary Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 36(3), pages 1223-1262, September.
    39. Aasmund Eilifsen, 1996. "The relationship between accounting and taxation in Norway," European Accounting Review, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 5(1), pages 835-844.
    40. Dechow, Patricia & Ge, Weili & Schrand, Catherine, 2010. "Understanding earnings quality: A review of the proxies, their determinants and their consequences," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 50(2-3), pages 344-401, December.
    41. Martin Hoogendoorn, 1996. "Accounting and taxation in the Netherlands," European Accounting Review, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 5(1), pages 871-882.
    42. Plesko, George A., 2004. "Corporate Tax Avoidance and the Properties of Corporate Earnings," National Tax Journal, National Tax Association;National Tax Journal, vol. 57(3), pages 729-737, September.
    43. Robert M. Bushman & Abbie Smith, 2003. "Transparency, financial accounting information, and corporate governance," Economic Policy Review, Federal Reserve Bank of New York, vol. 9(Apr), pages 65-87.
    44. Michelle Hanlon & Terry Shevlin, 2005. "Book-Tax Conformity for Corporate Income: An Introduction to the Issues," NBER Chapters, in: Tax Policy and the Economy, Volume 19, pages 101-134, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    45. Atwood, T.J. & Drake, Michael S. & Myers, Linda A., 2010. "Book-tax conformity, earnings persistence and the association between earnings and future cash flows," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 50(1), pages 111-125, May.
    46. Leuz, Christian & Nanda, Dhananjay & Wysocki, Peter D., 2003. "Earnings management and investor protection: an international comparison," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 69(3), pages 505-527, September.
    47. Steijvers, Tensie & Niskanen, Mervi, 2014. "Tax aggressiveness in private family firms: An agency perspective," Journal of Family Business Strategy, Elsevier, vol. 5(4), pages 347-357.
    48. Andrew Ellul & Tullio Jappelli & Marco Pagano & Fausto Panunzi, 2016. "Transparency, Tax Pressure, and Access to Finance," Review of Finance, European Finance Association, vol. 20(1), pages 37-76.
    49. Hanlon, Michelle & Laplante, Stacie Kelley & Shevlin, Terry, 2005. "Evidence for the Possible Information Loss of Conforming Book Income and Taxable Income," Journal of Law and Economics, University of Chicago Press, vol. 48(2), pages 407-442, October.
    50. Graham, John R. & Raedy, Jana S. & Shackelford, Douglas A., 2012. "Research in accounting for income taxes," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 53(1), pages 412-434.
    51. Sílvio Hiroshi Nakao & Sidney J. Gray, 2018. "The Impact of IFRS in Brazil: The Legacy of Mandatory Book‐tax Conformity," Australian Accounting Review, CPA Australia, vol. 28(4), pages 482-495, December.
    52. Stuart McLeay, 1999. "Accounting Regulation in Europe," Palgrave Macmillan Books, in: Stuart McLeay (ed.), Accounting Regulation in Europe, chapter 13, pages 366-386, Palgrave Macmillan.
    53. Maydew, EL, 1997. "Tax-induced earnings management by firms with net operating losses," Journal of Accounting Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 35(1), pages 83-96.
    54. Massimiliano Bonacchi & Antonio Marra & Paul Zarowin, 2019. "Organizational structure and earnings quality of private and public firms," Review of Accounting Studies, Springer, vol. 24(3), pages 1066-1113, September.
    55. Graham, John R., 2006. "A Review of Taxes and Corporate Finance," Foundations and Trends(R) in Finance, now publishers, vol. 1(7), pages 573-691, September.
    56. Hanlon, Michelle & Maydew, Edward L., 2009. "Book–Tax Conformity: Implications for Multinational Firms," National Tax Journal, National Tax Association;National Tax Journal, vol. 62(1), pages 127-153, March.
    57. Aileen Pierce, 1996. "The relationship between accounting and taxation in the Republic of Ireland," European Accounting Review, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 5(1), pages 951-962.
    58. Mark Lang & Karl V. Lins & Mark Maffett, 2012. "Transparency, Liquidity, and Valuation: International Evidence on When Transparency Matters Most," Journal of Accounting Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 50(3), pages 729-774, June.
    59. Jones, Jj, 1991. "Earnings Management During Import Relief Investigations," Journal of Accounting Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 29(2), pages 193-228.
    60. Hanlon, Michelle & Heitzman, Shane, 2010. "A review of tax research," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 50(2-3), pages 127-178, December.
    61. Dhaliwal, Dan & Wang, Shiing-wu, 1992. "The effect of book income adjustment in the 1986 alternative minimum tax on corporate financial reporting," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 15(1), pages 7-26, March.
    62. Alicja Jaruga & Ewa Walinska & Andrzej Baniewicz, 1996. "The relationship between accounting and taxation in Poland," European Accounting Review, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 5(1), pages 883-897.
    63. Hanlon, Michelle & Maydew, Edward L. & Shevlin, Terry, 2008. "An unintended consequence of book-tax conformity: A loss of earnings informativeness," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 46(2-3), pages 294-311, December.
    64. Goncharov, Igor & Werner, Joerg R. & Zimmermann, Jochen, 2009. "Legislative demands and economic realities: Company and group accounts compared," The International Journal of Accounting, Elsevier, vol. 44(4), pages 334-362, December.
    65. Desai, Mihir A. & Dharmapala, Dhammika, 2009. "Earnings Management, Corporate Tax Shelters, and Book–Tax Alignment," National Tax Journal, National Tax Association;National Tax Journal, vol. 62(1), pages 169-186, March.
    66. Kothari, S.P. & Leone, Andrew J. & Wasley, Charles E., 2005. "Performance matched discretionary accrual measures," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 39(1), pages 163-197, February.
    67. Andrea Szczesny & Aljosa Valentincic, 2013. "Asset Write-offs in Private Firms – The Case of German SMEs," Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 40(3-4), pages 285-317, April.
    68. Alford, A & Jones, J & Leftwich, R & Zmijewski, M, 1993. "The Relative Informativeness Of Accounting Disclosures In Different Countries," Journal of Accounting Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 31, pages 183-223.
    69. Merete Christiansen, 1996. "The relationship between accounting and taxation in Denmark," European Accounting Review, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 5(1), pages 815-833.
    70. Neil Garrod & Urska Kosi & Aljosa Valentincic, 2008. "Asset Write-Offs in the Absence of Agency Problems," Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 35(3-4), pages 307-330.
    71. Bradley Blaylock & Fabio B. Gaertner & Terry Shevlin, 2017. "Book-tax conformity and capital structure," Review of Accounting Studies, Springer, vol. 22(2), pages 903-932, June.
    72. Ali, A & Hwang, LS, 2000. "Country-specific factors related to financial reporting and the value relevance of accounting data," Journal of Accounting Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 38(1), pages 1-21.
    73. Karampinis, Nikolaos I. & Hevas, Dimosthenis L., 2013. "Effects of IFRS Adoption on Tax-induced Incentives for Financial Earnings Management: Evidence from Greece," The International Journal of Accounting, Elsevier, vol. 48(2), pages 218-247.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Floropoulos, Stylianos & Tsipouridou, Maria & Spathis, Charalambos, 2024. "Book-tax conformity and earnings management: A research agenda," Journal of International Accounting, Auditing and Taxation, Elsevier, vol. 54(C).
    2. Graham, John R. & Raedy, Jana S. & Shackelford, Douglas A., 2012. "Research in accounting for income taxes," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 53(1), pages 412-434.
    3. Karampinis, Nikolaos I. & Hevas, Dimosthenis L., 2013. "Effects of IFRS Adoption on Tax-induced Incentives for Financial Earnings Management: Evidence from Greece," The International Journal of Accounting, Elsevier, vol. 48(2), pages 218-247.
    4. Dechow, Patricia & Ge, Weili & Schrand, Catherine, 2010. "Understanding earnings quality: A review of the proxies, their determinants and their consequences," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 50(2-3), pages 344-401, December.
    5. Evers, Maria Theresia & Meier, Ina & Nicolay, Katharina, 2016. "Book-tax conformity and reporting behavior: A quasi-experiment," ZEW Discussion Papers 16-008, ZEW - Leibniz Centre for European Economic Research.
    6. Hanlon, Michelle & Heitzman, Shane, 2010. "A review of tax research," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 50(2-3), pages 127-178, December.
    7. Sundvik, Dennis, 2017. "Book-tax conformity and earnings management in response to tax rate cuts," Journal of International Accounting, Auditing and Taxation, Elsevier, vol. 28(C), pages 31-42.
    8. Tanya Y.H. Tang, 2015. "Does Book-Tax Conformity Deter Opportunistic Book and Tax Reporting? An International Analysis," European Accounting Review, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 24(3), pages 441-469, September.
    9. Evers, Maria Theresia & Meier, Ina & Nicolay, Katharina, 2017. "The implications of book-tax differences: A meta-analysis," ZEW Discussion Papers 17-003, ZEW - Leibniz Centre for European Economic Research.
    10. Audrey Hsu & Sophia Liu, 2023. "The effect of book-tax conformity on the information environment: from the analyst perspective," Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, Springer, vol. 61(2), pages 535-565, August.
    11. Eichfelder, Sebastian & Jacob, Martin & Kalbitz, Nadine & Wentland, Kelly, 2020. "Tax-induced earnings management and book-tax conformity: International evidence from unconsolidated accounts," arqus Discussion Papers in Quantitative Tax Research 252, arqus - Arbeitskreis Quantitative Steuerlehre.
    12. Margaret Lamb & Andrew Lymer, 1999. "Taxation research in an accounting context: future prospects and interdisciplinary perspectives," European Accounting Review, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 8(4), pages 749-776.
    13. Yang, Jingwen & Hemmings, Danial & Jaafar, Aziz & Jackson, Richard H.G., 2022. "The real earnings management gap between private and public firms: Evidence from Europe," Journal of International Accounting, Auditing and Taxation, Elsevier, vol. 49(C).
    14. Jaafar, Aziz & Thornton, John, 2015. "Tax Havens and Effective Tax Rates: An Analysis of Private versus Public European Firms," The International Journal of Accounting, Elsevier, vol. 50(4), pages 435-457.
    15. Wang, Jiangyuan & Fan, Wenlin & Wang, Zhixiao, 2024. "Tax incentives and earnings management: A study based on accelerated depreciation policy in China," Economic Analysis and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 81(C), pages 281-296.
    16. Eichfelder, Sebastian & Jacob, Martin & Kalbitz, Nadine & Wentland, Kelly, 2023. "How do corporate tax rates alter conforming tax avoidance?," arqus Discussion Papers in Quantitative Tax Research 277, arqus - Arbeitskreis Quantitative Steuerlehre.
    17. Bradley Blaylock & Fabio B. Gaertner & Terry Shevlin, 2017. "Book-tax conformity and capital structure," Review of Accounting Studies, Springer, vol. 22(2), pages 903-932, June.
    18. Sundvik Dennis, 2017. "A review of earnings management in private firms in response to tax rate changes," Nordic Tax Journal, Sciendo, vol. 2017(1), pages 151-161, January.
    19. Tang, Tanya & Firth, Michael, 2011. "Can book-tax differences capture earnings management and tax Management? Empirical evidence from China," The International Journal of Accounting, Elsevier, vol. 46(2), pages 175-204, June.
    20. Francisco J. Delgado & Elena Fernández-Rodríguez & Roberto García-Fernández & Manuel Landajo & Antonio Martínez-Arias, 2023. "Tax avoidance and earnings management: a neural network approach for the largest European economies," Financial Innovation, Springer;Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, vol. 9(1), pages 1-25, December.

    More about this item

    JEL classification:

    • H25 - Public Economics - - Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue - - - Business Taxes and Subsidies
    • H26 - Public Economics - - Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue - - - Tax Evasion and Avoidance
    • M40 - Business Administration and Business Economics; Marketing; Accounting; Personnel Economics - - Accounting - - - General
    • M48 - Business Administration and Business Economics; Marketing; Accounting; Personnel Economics - - Accounting - - - Government Policy and Regulation

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:fan:frfrfr:v:html10.3280/fr2022-001002. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Stefania Rosato (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.francoangeli.it/riviste/sommario.aspx?IDRivista=163 .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.