IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/worbus/v51y2016i5p826-842.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Institutional difference, organizational experience, and foreign affiliate performance: Evidence from Polish firms

Author

Listed:
  • Trąpczyński, Piotr
  • Banalieva, Elitsa R.

Abstract

We draw from the institutional economics and organizational learning theories to clarify two international business debates. The first debate involves how institutional distance affects foreign affiliate performance: some propose a negative and others a positive direct effect. We clarify this debate by differentiating between negative and positive institutional difference. The second debate involves how experience modifies this relationship: some propose a negative and others a positive moderating effect. We clarify this debate by differentiating between similar and dissimilar experience, creating four moderating effects: Advantage of Challenge Anticipation, Advantage of Opportunity Anticipation, Disadvantage of Polymath Downgrading, and Disadvantage of Specialist Upgrading.

Suggested Citation

  • Trąpczyński, Piotr & Banalieva, Elitsa R., 2016. "Institutional difference, organizational experience, and foreign affiliate performance: Evidence from Polish firms," Journal of World Business, Elsevier, vol. 51(5), pages 826-842.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:worbus:v:51:y:2016:i:5:p:826-842
    DOI: 10.1016/j.jwb.2016.07.013
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1090951616300736
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.jwb.2016.07.013?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Srilata Zaheer & Margaret Spring Schomaker & Lilach Nachum, 2012. "Distance without direction: Restoring credibility to a much-loved construct," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 43(1), pages 18-27, January.
    2. Dikova, Desislava, 2009. "Performance of foreign subsidiaries: Does psychic distance matter?," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 18(1), pages 38-49, February.
    3. Chinmay Pattnaik & Jeoung Yul Lee, 2014. "Distance and divestment of Korean MNC affiliates: the moderating role of entry mode and experience," Asia Pacific Business Review, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 20(1), pages 174-196, January.
    4. Robert E. Hoskisson & Mike Wright & Igor Filatotchev & Mike W. Peng, 2013. "Emerging Multinationals from Mid-Range Economies: The Influence of Institutions and Factor Markets," Journal of Management Studies, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 50(7), pages 1295-1321, November.
    5. Arjen H L Slangen & Jean-François Hennart, 2008. "Do multinationals really prefer to enter culturally distant countries through greenfields rather than through acquisitions? The role of parent experience and subsidiary autonomy," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 39(3), pages 472-490, April.
    6. Youngok Kim & Sidney J. Gray, 2008. "The impact of entry mode choice on foreign affiliate performance: The case of foreign MNEs in South Korea," Management International Review, Springer, vol. 48(2), pages 165-188, April.
    7. Xinming He & Jianhong Zhang & Jinmeng Wang, 2015. "Market Seeking Orientation and Performance in China: The Impact of Institutional Environment, Subsidiary Ownership Structure and Experience," Management International Review, Springer, vol. 55(3), pages 389-419, June.
    8. Webb, Justin W. & Bruton, Garry D. & Tihanyi, Laszlo & Ireland, R. Duane, 2013. "Research on entrepreneurship in the informal economy: Framing a research agenda," Journal of Business Venturing, Elsevier, vol. 28(5), pages 598-614.
    9. Patric Müller & Sara Geer, 2015. "The Partial Linear Model in High Dimensions," Scandinavian Journal of Statistics, Danish Society for Theoretical Statistics;Finnish Statistical Society;Norwegian Statistical Association;Swedish Statistical Association, vol. 42(2), pages 580-608, June.
    10. Dutta, Dev K. & Beamish, Paul W., 2013. "Expatriate Managers, Product Relatedness, and IJV Performance: A Resource and Knowledge-based Perspective," Journal of International Management, Elsevier, vol. 19(2), pages 152-162.
    11. Yasuhiro Yamakawa & Mike W. Peng & David L. Deeds, 2008. "What Drives New Ventures to Internationalize from Emerging to Developed Economies?," Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, , vol. 32(1), pages 59-82, January.
    12. Liu, Xiaohui & Gao, Lan & Lu, Jiangyong & Lioliou, Eleni, 2016. "Does learning at home and from abroad boost the foreign subsidiary performance of emerging economy multinational enterprises?," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 25(1), pages 141-151.
    13. Yadong Luo, 1999. "Time‐based Experience and International Expansion: The Case of an Emerging Economy," Journal of Management Studies, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 36(4), pages 505-534, July.
    14. Aleksynska, Mariya & Havrylchyk, Olena, 2013. "FDI from the south: The role of institutional distance and natural resources," European Journal of Political Economy, Elsevier, vol. 29(C), pages 38-53.
    15. Hernández, Virginia & Nieto, María Jesús, 2015. "The effect of the magnitude and direction of institutional distance on the choice of international entry modes," Journal of World Business, Elsevier, vol. 50(1), pages 122-132.
    16. Lilach Nachum & Srilata Zaheer & Shulamith Gross, 2008. "Does It Matter Where Countries Are? Proximity to Knowledge, Markets and Resources, and MNE Location Choices," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 54(7), pages 1252-1265, July.
    17. Maria - Ramona SARBU, 2015. "Dimensions Of Multinational Enterprises," CES Working Papers, Centre for European Studies, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, vol. 7(3), pages 751-758, September.
    18. Jody Evans & Felix T Mavondo, 2002. "Psychic Distance and Organizational Performance: An Empirical Examination of International Retailing Operations," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 33(3), pages 515-532, September.
    19. Mike W Peng, 2004. "Identifying the big question in international business research," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 35(2), pages 99-108, March.
    20. Mike W Peng & Denis Y L Wang & Yi Jiang, 2008. "An institution-based view of international business strategy: a focus on emerging economies," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 39(5), pages 920-936, July.
    21. Armstrong, J. Scott & Overton, Terry S., 1977. "Estimating Nonresponse Bias in Mail Surveys," MPRA Paper 81694, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    22. Shige Makino & Takehiko Isobe & Christine M. Chan, 2004. "Does country matter?," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 25(10), pages 1027-1043, October.
    23. Carlsson, Johan & Nordegren, Axel & Sjöholm, Fredrik, 2005. "International experience and the performance of Scandinavian firms in China," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 14(1), pages 21-40, February.
    24. Håkanson, Lars & Ambos, Björn, 2010. "The antecedents of psychic distance," Journal of International Management, Elsevier, vol. 16(3), pages 195-210, September.
    25. Alvaro Cuervo-Cazurra & Mehmet Genc, 2008. "Transforming disadvantages into advantages: developing-country MNEs in the least developed countries," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 39(6), pages 957-979, September.
    26. Ravi Sarathy & Elitsa R. Banalieva, 2014. "Economic Development And Marketing Strategies: A Comparative Lens," Organizations and Markets in Emerging Economies, Faculty of Economics, Vilnius University, vol. 5(1).
    27. Shawna O'Grady & Henry W Lane, 1996. "The Psychic Distance Paradox," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 27(2), pages 309-333, June.
    28. Chris Changwha Chung & Hye Youn Park & Jeoung Yul Lee & Kwanghyun Kim, 2015. "Human capital in multinational enterprises: Does strategic alignment matter?," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 46(7), pages 806-829, September.
    29. Demirbag, Mehmet & Tatoglu, Ekrem & Glaister, Keith W., 2007. "Factors influencing perceptions of performance: The case of western FDI in an emerging market," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 16(3), pages 310-336, June.
    30. Mariko Sakakibara & Hideki Yamawaki, 2008. "What determines the profitability of foreign direct investment? A subsidiary-level analysis of Japanese multinationals," Managerial and Decision Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 29(2-3), pages 277-292.
    31. Pangarkar, Nitin & Lim, Hendry, 2003. "Performance of foreign direct investment from Singapore," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 12(5), pages 601-624, October.
    32. Leila Hamzaoui & Dwight Merunka, 2006. "The impact of country of design and country of manufacture on consumer perceptions of bi‐national products' quality: an empirical model based on the concept of fit," Post-Print hal-01822293, HAL.
    33. Aya S Chacar & William Newburry & Balagopal Vissa, 2010. "Bringing institutions into performance persistence research: Exploring the impact of product, financial, and labor market institutions," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 41(7), pages 1119-1140, September.
    34. Paul D. Ellis, 2006. "Market Orientation and Performance: A Meta‐Analysis and Cross‐National Comparisons," Journal of Management Studies, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 43(5), pages 1089-1107, July.
    35. Yadong Luo & Mike W Peng, 1999. "Learning to Compete in a Transition Economy: Experience, Environment, and Performance," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 30(2), pages 269-295, June.
    36. Alvaro Cuervo‐Cazurra & Mehmet Erdem Genc, 2011. "Obligating, Pressuring, and Supporting Dimensions of the Environment and the Non‐Market Advantages of Developing‐Country Multinational Companies," Journal of Management Studies, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 48(2), pages 441-455, March.
    37. Naoki Ando, 2012. "The ownership structure of foreign subsidiaries and the effect of institutional distance: a case study of Japanese firms," Asia Pacific Business Review, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 18(2), pages 259-274, April.
    38. Christine M. Chan & Takehiko Isobe & Shige Makino, 2008. "Which country matters? Institutional development and foreign affiliate performance," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 29(11), pages 1179-1205, November.
    39. Seung Ho Park & Shaomin Li & David K Tse, 2006. "Market liberalization and firm performance during China's economic transition," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 37(1), pages 127-147, January.
    40. Patricio Del Sol & Joseph Kogan, 2007. "Regional competitive advantage based on pioneering economic reforms: the case of Chilean FDI," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 38(6), pages 901-927, November.
    41. Brouthers, Lance Eliot & Mukhopadhyay, Somnath & Wilkinson, Timothy J. & Brouthers, Keith D., 2009. "International market selection and subsidiary performance: A neural network approach," Journal of World Business, Elsevier, vol. 44(3), pages 262-273, July.
    42. Klaus E. Meyer & Ram Mudambi & Rajneesh Narula, 2011. "Multinational Enterprises and Local Contexts: The Opportunities and Challenges of Multiple Embeddedness," Journal of Management Studies, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 48(2), pages 235-252, March.
    43. Elitsa R Banalieva & Charles Dhanaraj, 2013. "Home-region orientation in international expansion strategies," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 44(2), pages 89-116, February.
    44. Georgopoulos, Antonios & Preusse, Heinz Gert, 2009. "Cross-border acquisitions vs. Greenfield investment: A comparative performance analysis in Greece," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 18(6), pages 592-605, December.
    45. Dow, Douglas & Ferencikova, Sonia, 2010. "More than just national cultural distance: Testing new distance scales on FDI in Slovakia," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 19(1), pages 46-58, February.
    46. Phillips, Nelson & Tracey, Paul & Karra, Neri, 2013. "Building entrepreneurial tie portfolios through strategic homophily: The role of narrative identity work in venture creation and early growth," Journal of Business Venturing, Elsevier, vol. 28(1), pages 134-150.
    47. Wu, Wann-Yih & Lin, Ching-Yi, 2010. "Experience, environment, and subsidiary performance in high-tech MNEs," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 63(12), pages 1301-1309, December.
    48. Li, Yong & Vertinsky, Ilan B. & Li, Jing, 2014. "National distances, international experience, and venture capital investment performance," Journal of Business Venturing, Elsevier, vol. 29(4), pages 471-489.
    49. John McMillan & Christopher Woodruff, 2002. "The Central Role of Entrepreneurs in Transition Economies," Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, vol. 16(3), pages 153-170, Summer.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Koveshnikov, Alexei & Dabija, Dan-Cristian & Inkpen, Andrew & Vătămănescu, Elena-Mădălina, 2022. "Not running out of steam after 30 years: The enduring relevance of Central and Eastern Europe for international management scholarship," Journal of International Management, Elsevier, vol. 28(3).
    2. Jiménez, Alfredo & Salvaj, Erica & Lee, Jeoung Yul, 2018. "Policy risk, distance, and private participation projects in Latin America," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 88(C), pages 123-131.
    3. Mujtaba Kayani, Ghulam & Saeed, Abubakr & Riaz, Hammad & Ali, Ashiq, 2023. "Political power shift in host markets and firm asset retrenchment: Evidence from Chinese MNCs," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 161(C).
    4. Xiaojing Lu & Sebastian Jacques Manuel Boo & Xiaming Liu, 2024. "Is the relationship between institutional distance and subsidiary performance moderated by top management team? Evidence from Chinese multinational enterprises," Palgrave Communications, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 11(1), pages 1-15, December.
    5. Jaklič, Andreja & Obloj, Krzysztof & Svetličič, Marjan & Kronegger, Luka, 2020. "Evolution of Central and Eastern Europe related international business research," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 108(C), pages 421-434.
    6. Tang, Ryan W., 2023. "Institutional unpredictability and foreign exit−reentry dynamics: The moderating role of foreign ownership," Journal of World Business, Elsevier, vol. 58(2).
    7. Ipsmiller, Edith & Dikova, Desislava, 2021. "Internationalization from Central and Eastern Europe: A systematic literature review," Journal of International Management, Elsevier, vol. 27(4).
    8. Tang, Ryan W. & Buckley, Peter J., 2022. "Outward foreign direct investment by emerging market multinationals: The directionality of institutional distance," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 149(C), pages 314-326.
    9. Wei, Qiao & Li, Wen Helena & De Sisto, Marco & Gu, Jinlong, 2020. "What types of top management teams' experience matter to the relationship between political hazards and foreign subsidiary performance?," Journal of International Management, Elsevier, vol. 26(4).
    10. Bai, Wensong & Johanson, Martin & Oliveira, Luis & Ratajczak-Mrozek, Milena & Francioni, Barbara, 2022. "Where business networks and institutions meet: Internationalization decision-making under uncertainty," Journal of International Management, Elsevier, vol. 28(1).
    11. Trąpczyński, Piotr & Halaszovich, Tilo F. & Piaskowska, Dorota, 2020. "The role of perceived institutional distance in foreign ownership level decisions of new MNEs," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 108(C), pages 435-449.
    12. Demetris Vrontis & Jaroslav Belas & Alkis Thrassou & Gabriele Santoro & Michael Christofi, 2023. "Strategic agility, openness and performance: a mixed method comparative analysis of firms operating in developed and emerging markets," Review of Managerial Science, Springer, vol. 17(4), pages 1365-1398, May.
    13. Sihong Wu & Di Fan & Liang Chen, 2022. "Revisiting the Internationalization-Performance Relationship: A Twenty-Year Meta-Analysis of Emerging Market Multinationals," Management International Review, Springer, vol. 62(2), pages 203-243, April.
    14. Mariola Ciszewska-Mlinarič & Piotr Trąpczyński, 2019. "Foreign Market Adaptation and Performance: The Role of Institutional Distance and Organizational Capabilities," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(6), pages 1-19, March.
    15. Róisín Donnelly & Saptarshi Purkayastha & Tatiana S. Manolova & Linda F. Edelman, 2024. "Institutional distance, slack resources, and foreign market entry," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 55(2), pages 194-211, March.
    16. da Silva, Fernando Moreira & Pereira, Renato & Ogasavara, Mario Henrique, 2024. "Assessing the effects of institutions on the ownership structure of MNCs investments in global cities," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 33(2).
    17. Konara, Palitha & Shirodkar, Vikrant, 2018. "Regulatory Institutional Distance and MNCs' Subsidiary Performance: Climbing up Vs. Climbing Down the Institutional Ladder," Journal of International Management, Elsevier, vol. 24(4), pages 333-347.
    18. Ferraris, Alberto & Degbey, William Y. & Singh, Sanjay Kumar & Bresciani, Stefano & Castellano, Sylvaine & Fiano, Fabio & Couturier, Jerome, 2022. "Microfoundations of Strategic Agility in Emerging Markets: Empirical Evidence of Italian MNEs in India," Journal of World Business, Elsevier, vol. 57(2).
    19. Sharma, Revti Raman, 2019. "Cultural Intelligence and Institutional Success: The Mediating Role of Relationship Quality," Journal of International Management, Elsevier, vol. 25(3), pages 1-1.
    20. Lupton, Nathaniel C. & Baulkaran, Vishaal & No, Yeonji, 2022. "Subsidiary staffing, location choice, and shareholder rights effectiveness," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 151(C), pages 222-231.
    21. Tatiana Kostova & Sjoerd Beugelsdijk & W. Richard Scott & Vincent E. Kunst & Chei Hwee Chua & Marc Essen, 2020. "The construct of institutional distance through the lens of different institutional perspectives: Review, analysis, and recommendations," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 51(4), pages 467-497, June.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Trąpczyński, Piotr & Halaszovich, Tilo F. & Piaskowska, Dorota, 2020. "The role of perceived institutional distance in foreign ownership level decisions of new MNEs," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 108(C), pages 435-449.
    2. Piotr Trapczynski, 2013. "Determinants Of Foreign Direct Investment Performance – A Critical Literature Review," Oeconomia Copernicana, Institute of Economic Research, vol. 4(2), pages 117-132, June.
    3. Tao Bai & Jialin Du & Angelo M. Solarino, 2018. "Performance of foreign subsidiaries “in” and “from” Asia: A review, synthesis and research agenda," Asia Pacific Journal of Management, Springer, vol. 35(3), pages 607-638, September.
    4. Hutzschenreuter, Thomas & Harhoff, Philippa-Luisa, 2021. "The accelerating effect of institutional environment unfamiliarity on subsidiary portfolio expansion in a new host country," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 30(3).
    5. Mariola Ciszewska-Mlinarič & Piotr Trąpczyński, 2019. "Foreign Market Adaptation and Performance: The Role of Institutional Distance and Organizational Capabilities," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(6), pages 1-19, March.
    6. Konara, Palitha & Shirodkar, Vikrant, 2018. "Regulatory Institutional Distance and MNCs' Subsidiary Performance: Climbing up Vs. Climbing Down the Institutional Ladder," Journal of International Management, Elsevier, vol. 24(4), pages 333-347.
    7. Mingo, Santiago & Junkunc, Marc & Morales, Francisco, 2018. "The interplay between home and host country institutions in an emerging market context: Private equity in Latin America," Journal of World Business, Elsevier, vol. 53(5), pages 653-667.
    8. Goudarz Azar & Rian Drogendijk, 2014. "Psychic Distance, Innovation, and Firm Performance," Management International Review, Springer, vol. 54(5), pages 581-613, October.
    9. da Silva, Fernando Moreira & Pereira, Renato & Ogasavara, Mario Henrique, 2024. "Assessing the effects of institutions on the ownership structure of MNCs investments in global cities," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 33(2).
    10. Jiménez, Alfredo & Salvaj, Erica & Lee, Jeoung Yul, 2018. "Policy risk, distance, and private participation projects in Latin America," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 88(C), pages 123-131.
    11. Vikrant Shirodkar & Palitha Konara, 2017. "Institutional Distance and Foreign Subsidiary Performance in Emerging Markets: Moderating Effects of Ownership Strategy and Host-Country Experience," Management International Review, Springer, vol. 57(2), pages 179-207, April.
    12. Hernández, Virginia & Nieto, María Jesús, 2015. "The effect of the magnitude and direction of institutional distance on the choice of international entry modes," Journal of World Business, Elsevier, vol. 50(1), pages 122-132.
    13. Palmero, Alfredo Jiménez & Herrera, Juan José Durán & Sabaté, Juan Manuel de la Fuente, 2013. "The role of psychic distance stimuli on the East-West FDI location structure in the EU. Evidence from Spanish MNEs," Journal of East European Management Studies, Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, vol. 18(1), pages 36-65.
    14. Weber, Clarissa E. & Chahabadi, Dominik & Maurer, Indre, 2020. "Antecedents and performance effect of managerial misperception of institutional differences," Journal of World Business, Elsevier, vol. 55(1).
    15. Alfredo Jiménez & David Fuente, 2016. "Learning from Others: the Impact of Vicarious Experience on the Psychic Distance and FDI Relationship," Management International Review, Springer, vol. 56(5), pages 633-664, October.
    16. Hitt, Michael A. & Li, Dan & Xu, Kai, 2016. "International strategy: From local to global and beyond," Journal of World Business, Elsevier, vol. 51(1), pages 58-73.
    17. Fernando Moreira Silva & Mario Henrique Ogasavara & Renato Pereira, 2024. "Institutional distances and equity-based entry modes: a systematic literature review," Management Review Quarterly, Springer, vol. 74(3), pages 1723-1790, September.
    18. Tang, Ryan W., 2021. "Pro-market institutions and outward FDI of emerging market firms: An institutional arbitrage logic," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 30(3).
    19. Mike W. Peng & Sergey Lebedev & Cristina O. Vlas & Joyce C. Wang & Jason S. Shay, 2018. "The growth of the firm in (and out of) emerging economies," Asia Pacific Journal of Management, Springer, vol. 35(4), pages 829-857, December.
    20. Conti, Claudio Ramos & Parente, Ronaldo & de Vasconcelos, Flávio C., 2016. "When distance does not matter: Implications for Latin American multinationals," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 69(6), pages 1980-1992.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:worbus:v:51:y:2016:i:5:p:826-842. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/620401/description#description .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.