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An exploratory spatial data analysis approach to understanding the relationship between deprivation and mortality in Scotland

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  • Sridharan, Sanjeev
  • Tunstall, Helena
  • Lawder, Richard
  • Mitchell, Richard

Abstract

This paper considers the spatial characteristics of the relationship between deprivation and mortality rates in Scotland. Scotland not only has higher average mortality rates than England and Wales but the greatest spatial concentrations of the poorest health areas in Britain. Recent analysis has suggested that degree of deprivation alone cannot explain the majority of Scotland's 'excess' poor health relative to England and Wales, a finding referred to as the 'Scottish effect'. This analysis considers if the spatial patterning of deprivation could be significant to understanding of high mortality in Scotland. Exploratory spatial data analysis methods are implemented to study the spatial relationships between deprivation and standardised mortality ratios (SMRs) in post-code sectors in Scotland. Deprivation was measured using the 2001 Carstairs score, and the total number of deaths during a 3-year period around the 2001 census was used to calculate SMRs. A strong spatial relationship is observed between deprivation and mortality. Deprivation impacts mortality levels not only within the same areas but also in spatially proximate areas. It is concluded that, further research on the 'Scottish effect' can benefit from new methodological approaches which assess the variation in both the extent and spatial arrangement of deprivation and mortality in small areas.

Suggested Citation

  • Sridharan, Sanjeev & Tunstall, Helena & Lawder, Richard & Mitchell, Richard, 2007. "An exploratory spatial data analysis approach to understanding the relationship between deprivation and mortality in Scotland," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 65(9), pages 1942-1952, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:socmed:v:65:y:2007:i:9:p:1942-1952
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Luc Anselin & Sanjeev Sridharan & Susan Gholston, 2007. "Using Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis to Leverage Social Indicator Databases: The Discovery of Interesting Patterns," Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, Springer, vol. 82(2), pages 287-309, June.
    2. Lorant, Vincent & Thomas, Isabelle & Deliège, Denise & Tonglet, René, 2001. "Deprivation and mortality: the implications of spatial autocorrelation for health resources allocation," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 53(12), pages 1711-1719, December.
    3. Anselin, Luc, 2002. "Under the hood : Issues in the specification and interpretation of spatial regression models," Agricultural Economics, Blackwell, vol. 27(3), pages 247-267, November.
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    Cited by:

    1. Cairns-Nagi, Joanne Marie & Bambra, Clare, 2013. "Defying the odds: A mixed-methods study of health resilience in deprived areas of England," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 91(C), pages 229-237.
    2. Xin Wu & Peng Cui, 2016. "A Study of the Time–Space Evolution Characteristics of Urban–Rural Integration Development in a Mountainous Area Based on ESDA-GIS: The Case of the Qinling-Daba Mountains in China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 8(11), pages 1-17, October.
    3. Graif, Corina & Arcaya, Mariana C. & Diez Roux, Ana V., 2016. "Moving to opportunity and mental health: Exploring the spatial context of neighborhood effects," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 162(C), pages 50-58.
    4. Alasdair Rae, 2009. "Isolated Entities or Integrated Neighbourhoods? An Alternative View of the Measurement of Deprivation," Urban Studies, Urban Studies Journal Limited, vol. 46(9), pages 1859-1878, August.
    5. Arnab Bhattacharjee & Taps Maiti & Dennis Petrie, 2014. "Spatial structures of health outcomes and health behaviours in Scotland: Evidence from the Scottish Health Survey," SEEC Discussion Papers 1401, Spatial Economics and Econometrics Centre, Heriot Watt University.
    6. Min Weng & Jianhua Pi & Bingqing Tan & Shiliang Su & Zhongliang Cai, 2017. "Area Deprivation and Liver Cancer Prevalence in Shenzhen, China: A Spatial Approach Based on Social Indicators," Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, Springer, vol. 133(1), pages 317-332, August.
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    9. Shelton, Nicola Jane, 2009. "Regional risk factors for health inequalities in Scotland and England and the "Scottish effect"," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 69(5), pages 761-767, September.
    10. Bhattacharjee, Arnab & Maiti, Taps & Petrie, Dennis, 2014. "General equilibrium effects of spatial structure: Health outcomes and health behaviours in Scotland," Regional Science and Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 49(C), pages 286-297.

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