Revisiting organizational culture in healthcare: Heterogeneity as a resource

Aligning culture to be similar across work units is a common organizational tactic, but its appropriateness for the multidisciplinary context of healthcare is far from certain. Variation in perceptions of culture across large health systems may serve a functional purpose in delivering high quality care and ameliorating job stress; however, past research in healthcare has focused on culture as the average set of values and norms (i.e., cultural content) rather than on (dis)agreement about values and norms among organizational members (i.e., cultural structure). This survey-based study examines both cultural content (averages among individuals) and structure (distances between individuals) in departments of a large U.S. healthcare organization (total sample = 26,314 workers, response rate = 84%). We used linear models to associate four commonly used culture measures with outcome measures (perceived care quality, intent to stay, and manageable job stress). We found substantial heterogeneity in perceptions for multiple culture types. We found curvilinear relationships between heterogeneity for all culture types and outcomes, suggesting that heterogeneity promotes positive outcomes up to a certain point after which the positive effect declines. For research, our findings point to the importance of studying culture in healthcare with greater focus on heterogeneity; for practice, this study highlights how culturally-focused efforts to improve care quality and worker experience in healthcare should be more precise about balancing cultural alignment and heterogeneity.