Vaccine rhetoric on social media and COVID-19 vaccine uptake rates: A triangulation using self-reported vaccine acceptance

The primary goal of this study is to examine the association between vaccine rhetoric on Twitter and the public's uptake rates of COVID-19 vaccines in the United States, compared to the extent of an association between self-reported vaccine acceptance and the CDC's uptake rates. We downloaded vaccine-related posts on Twitter in real-time daily for 13 months, from October 2021 to September 2022, collecting over half a billion tweets. A previously validated deep-learning algorithm was then applied to (1) filter out irrelevant tweets and (2) group the remaining relevant tweets into pro-, anti-, and neutral vaccine sentiments. Our results indicate that the tweet counts (combining all three sentiments) were significantly correlated with the uptake rates of all stages of COVID-19 shots (p < 0.01). The self-reported level of vaccine acceptance was not correlated with any of the stages of COVID-19 shots (p > 0.05) but with the daily new infection counts. These results suggest that although social media posts on vaccines may not represent the public's opinions, they are aligned with the public's behaviors of accepting vaccines, which is an essential step for developing interventions to increase the uptake rates. In contrast, self-reported vaccine acceptance represents the public's opinions, but these were not correlated with the behaviors of accepting vaccines. These outcomes provide empirical support for the validity of social media analytics for gauging the public's vaccination behaviors and understanding a nuanced perspective of the public's vaccine sentiment for health emergencies.