IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/soceps/v87y2023ipas0038012123000617.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Territorial inequalities in financial inclusion: A comparative study between private banks and credit unions

Author

Listed:
  • Álvarez-Gamboa, Javier
  • Cabrera-Barona, Pablo
  • Jácome-Estrella, Hugo

Abstract

This research evaluates financial inclusion and territorial inequalities comparing private banks and alternative financial institutions of the social and solidarity-based economy of Ecuador (provinces-level), between 2015 and 2018. Applying Principal Component Analysis, a synthetic index of financial inclusion was constructed using indicators that capture the dimensions of access, use and extent of financial services. A non-hierarchical cluster analysis was also performed to classify Ecuadorian provinces on terms of high, low, and medium multidimensional poverty and rurality. The obtained results indicate the existence of territorial inequalities in the access and use of financial services. We conclude that the credit unions produce a greater level of financial inclusion in disadvantaged territories of Ecuador, in contrast to the private banks that show high levels of financial inclusion in the provinces with a higher socioeconomic status.

Suggested Citation

  • Álvarez-Gamboa, Javier & Cabrera-Barona, Pablo & Jácome-Estrella, Hugo, 2023. "Territorial inequalities in financial inclusion: A comparative study between private banks and credit unions," Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, Elsevier, vol. 87(PA).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:soceps:v:87:y:2023:i:pa:s0038012123000617
    DOI: 10.1016/j.seps.2023.101561
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0038012123000617
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.seps.2023.101561?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Mais Sha'ban & Claudia Girardone & Anna Sarkisyan, 2020. "Cross-country variation in financial inclusion: a global perspective," The European Journal of Finance, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 26(4-5), pages 319-340, March.
    2. Rym Ayadi, 2017. "Banks’ Business Models in Europe: Are Cooperative Banks Different?," Palgrave Macmillan Studies in Banking and Financial Institutions, in: Ewa Miklaszewska (ed.), Institutional Diversity in Banking, chapter 3, pages 51-72, Palgrave Macmillan.
    3. Julian SCHMIED & Ana MARR, 2016. "Financial Inclusion And Poverty: The Case Of Peru," Regional and Sectoral Economic Studies, Euro-American Association of Economic Development, vol. 16(2), pages 29-40.
    4. Raoul Minetti & Pierluigi Murro & Valentina Peruzzi, 2021. "Not All Banks Are Equal: Cooperative Banking And Income Inequality," Economic Inquiry, Western Economic Association International, vol. 59(1), pages 420-440, January.
    5. Razzaque, Mohammad A, 2010. "Microfinance and Poverty Reduction:Evidence from a Longitudinal Household Panel Database," Bangladesh Development Studies, Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies (BIDS), vol. 33(3), pages 47-68, September.
    6. Sofía Orazi & Lisana Belén Martinez & Hernán P. Vigier, 2019. "La inclusión financiera en América Latina y Europa," Ensayos de Economía 18301, Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Medellín.
    7. Yoshino, Naoyuki & Morgan, Peter J., 2016. "Overview of Financial Inclusion, Regulation, and Education," ADBI Working Papers 591, Asian Development Bank Institute.
    8. Catanzarite, Zachary B. & Deere, Carmen Diana, 2017. "Who borrows to accumulate assets? Class, gender and indebtedness in Ecuador’s credit market," Revista CEPAL, Naciones Unidas Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL), August.
    9. Asli Demirguc-Kunt & Leora Klapper, 2013. "Measuring Financial Inclusion: Explaining Variation in Use of Financial Services across and within Countries," Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, Economic Studies Program, The Brookings Institution, vol. 44(1 (Spring), pages 279-340.
    10. Paolo Coccorese & Sherrill Shaffer, 2021. "Cooperative banks and local economic growth," Regional Studies, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 55(2), pages 307-321, February.
    11. Marianna Pavlovskaya & Craig Borowiak & Maliha Safri & Stephen Healy & Robert Eletto, 2020. "The Place of Common Bond: Can Credit Unions Make Place for Solidarity Economy?," Annals of the American Association of Geographers, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 110(4), pages 1278-1299, July.
    12. Beck, Thorsten & Levine, Ross & Loayza, Norman, 2000. "Finance and the sources of growth," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 58(1-2), pages 261-300.
    13. Asli Demirgüç-Kunt & Ross Levine, 2009. "Finance and Inequality: Theory and Evidence," Annual Review of Financial Economics, Annual Reviews, vol. 1(1), pages 287-318, November.
    14. Noelia Cámara & David Tuesta, 2018. "Measuring financial inclusion: a multidimensional index," IFC Bulletins chapters, in: Bank for International Settlements (ed.), The role of data in supporting financial inclusion policy, volume 47, Bank for International Settlements.
    15. Asli Demirguc-Kunt & Leora Klapper, 2013. "Measuring Financial Inclusion: Explaining Variation in Use of Financial Services across and within Countries," Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, Economic Studies Program, The Brookings Institution, vol. 46(1 (Spring), pages 279-340.
    16. John Weiss & Heather Montgomery, 2005. "Great Expectations: Microfinance and Poverty Reduction in Asia and Latin America," Oxford Development Studies, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 33(3-4), pages 391-416.
    17. Miriam Bruhn & Inessa Love, 2014. "The Real Impact of Improved Access to Finance: Evidence from Mexico," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 69(3), pages 1347-1376, June.
    18. King, Robert G. & Levine, Ross, 1993. "Finance, entrepreneurship and growth: Theory and evidence," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, vol. 32(3), pages 513-542, December.
    19. Pelin Berkmen & Ms. Kimberly Beaton & Mr. Dmitry Gershenson & Mr. Javier Arze del Granado & Kotaro Ishi & Miss Marie S Kim & Emanuel Kopp & Mrs. Marina V Rousset, 2019. "Fintech in Latin America and the Caribbean: Stocktaking," IMF Working Papers 2019/071, International Monetary Fund.
    20. McKillop, Donal & French, Declan & Quinn, Barry & Sobiech, Anna L. & Wilson, John O.S., 2020. "Cooperative financial institutions: A review of the literature," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 71(C).
    21. Cotler, Pablo, 2017. "La inclusión financiera en América Latina," Libros de la CEPAL, Naciones Unidas Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL), number 42123, May.
    22. Demirguc-Kunt,Asli & Klapper,Leora & Singer,Dorothe, 2017. "Financial inclusion and inclusive growth : a review of recent empirical evidence," Policy Research Working Paper Series 8040, The World Bank.
    23. Becchetti, Leonardo & Ciciretti, Rocco & Paolantonio, Adriana, 2016. "The cooperative bank difference before and after the global financial crisis," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 69(C), pages 224-246.
    24. Kwangbin Bae & Dongsook Han & Hosung Sohn, 2012. "Importance of Access to Finance in Reducing Income Inequality and Poverty Level," International Review of Public Administration, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 17(1), pages 55-77, April.
    25. Lansana Bangoura & Momar Khary Mbow & Albert Lessoua & Diadié Diaw, 2016. "Impact of Microfinance on Poverty and Inequality A Heterogeneous Panel Causality Analysis," Revue d'économie politique, Dalloz, vol. 126(5), pages 789-818.
    26. Simon Cornée & Lucrezia Fattobene & Marco Migliorelli, 2018. "An Overview of Cooperative Banking in Europe," Post-Print halshs-02888969, HAL.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Álvarez-Gamboa, Javier & Cabrera-Barona, Pablo & Jácome-Estrella, Hugo, 2021. "Financial inclusion and multidimensional poverty in Ecuador: A spatial approach," World Development Perspectives, Elsevier, vol. 22(C).
    2. Grohmann, Antonia & Klühs, Theres & Menkhoff, Lukas, 2018. "Does financial literacy improve financial inclusion? Cross country evidence," EconStor Open Access Articles and Book Chapters, ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics, vol. 111, pages 84-96.
    3. Amit Pandey & Ravi Kiran & Rakesh Kumar Sharma, 2023. "Investigating the Determinants of Financial Inclusion in BRICS Economies: Panel Data Analysis Using Fixed-Effect and Cross-Section Random Effect," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(2), pages 1-21, January.
    4. Ongo Nkoa, Bruno Emmanuel & Song, Jacques Simon, 2020. "Does institutional quality affect financial inclusion in Africa? A panel data analysis," Economic Systems, Elsevier, vol. 44(4).
    5. Mushtaq, Rizwan & Bruneau, Catherine, 2019. "Microfinance, financial inclusion and ICT: Implications for poverty and inequality," Technology in Society, Elsevier, vol. 59(C).
    6. Jesús Antonio López Cabrera & Francisco Gabriel Villarreal & Diego Cardoso López, 2023. "Una propuesta de medición de la inclusión financiera en México," Remef - Revista Mexicana de Economía y Finanzas Nueva Época REMEF (The Mexican Journal of Economics and Finance), Instituto Mexicano de Ejecutivos de Finanzas, IMEF, vol. 18(3), pages 1-41, Julio - S.
    7. Chandralekha Ghosh & Rimita Hom Chaudhury, 2024. "Ranking of countries based on multi‐dimensional financial inclusion index: A global perspective," International Journal of Finance & Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 29(2), pages 1345-1377, April.
    8. Sanjukta Sarkar & Saritha Nair & M. Vishnu Vardhana Rao, 2023. "Exploring the Gender Dimension in Financial Inclusion in India: Insights from the Global Findex Database," Journal of Development Policy and Practice, , vol. 8(2), pages 141-161, July.
    9. Vanesa Pesqué‐Cela & Lihui Tian & Deming Luo & Damian Tobin & Gerhard Kling, 2021. "Defining and measuring financial inclusion: A systematic review and confirmatory factor analysis," Journal of International Development, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 33(2), pages 316-341, March.
    10. N'dri, Lasme Mathieu & Kakinaka, Makoto, 2020. "Financial inclusion, mobile money, and individual welfare: The case of Burkina Faso," Telecommunications Policy, Elsevier, vol. 44(3).
    11. Thi Anh Nhu Nguyen & Thi Thuy Huong Luong, 2023. "The Determinants of Financial Inclusion in Vietnam: A Demand-Side Approach," SAGE Open, , vol. 13(4), pages 21582440231, November.
    12. Thereza Balliester Reis, 2022. "Socio‐economic determinants of financial inclusion: An evaluation with a microdata multidimensional index," Journal of International Development, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 34(3), pages 587-611, April.
    13. Tran Huong Thi Thanh & Le Ha Thi Thu, 2021. "The Impact of Financial Inclusion on Poverty Reduction," Asian Journal of Law and Economics, De Gruyter, vol. 12(1), pages 95-119, April.
    14. Arandara,Tisarani Rathnija & Gunasekera,Shanuki, 2020. "Financial Inclusion and Inclusive Growth : What Does It Mean for Sri Lanka?," Policy Research Working Paper Series 9204, The World Bank.
    15. Mohd Daud, Siti Nurazira & Ahmad, Abd Halim & Trinugroho, Irwan, 2024. "Financial inclusion, digital technology, and economic growth: Further evidence," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 70(PB).
    16. Juan Carlos Urueña-Mejía & Luis H. Gutierrez & Paul Rodríguez-Lesmes, 2023. "Financial inclusion and business practices of microbusiness in Colombia," Eurasian Business Review, Springer;Eurasia Business and Economics Society, vol. 13(2), pages 465-494, June.
    17. Singh, Nirvikar, 2018. "Financial Inclusion: Concepts, Issues and Policies for India," MPRA Paper 91047, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    18. Gallego-Losada, María-Jesús & Montero-Navarro, Antonio & García-Abajo, Elisa & Gallego-Losada, Rocío, 2023. "Digital financial inclusion. Visualizing the academic literature," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 64(C).
    19. Dan Ma & Wenchun Wang, 2023. "Mandatory inclusive finance policy and small banks' operating performance: Evidence from China," Accounting and Finance, Accounting and Finance Association of Australia and New Zealand, vol. 63(4), pages 4761-4777, December.
    20. Francis Osei‐Tutu & Laurent Weill, 2021. "Sex, language and financial inclusion," Economics of Transition and Institutional Change, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 29(3), pages 369-403, July.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:soceps:v:87:y:2023:i:pa:s0038012123000617. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/seps .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.