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Cross-country variation in financial inclusion: a global perspective

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  • Mais Sha'ban
  • Claudia Girardone
  • Anna Sarkisyan

Abstract

Recent years have witnessed a global commitment to advancing financial inclusion as a key enabler for promoting equal opportunity and reducing poverty. In this paper, we use the IMF’s Financial Access Survey data and two different approaches to construct a multidimensional financial inclusion index for a global sample of 95 countries over 2004-15. Results reveal an overall progress in financial inclusion over the period under study, most markedly in the use and access dimensions. Financial inclusion appears to be positively and significantly associated with GDP per capita, employment, bank competition, human development, government integrity, and internet usage. Our evidence also points to the importance of considering the level of national income when designing policies to boost financial inclusion.

Suggested Citation

  • Mais Sha'ban & Claudia Girardone & Anna Sarkisyan, 2020. "Cross-country variation in financial inclusion: a global perspective," The European Journal of Finance, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 26(4-5), pages 319-340, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:taf:eurjfi:v:26:y:2020:i:4-5:p:319-340
    DOI: 10.1080/1351847X.2019.1686709
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    Cited by:

    1. Debolina Saha & Razdan Alam, 2022. "Revisiting Financial Inclusion with Human Development in India," Indian Journal of Human Development, , vol. 16(3), pages 548-577, December.
    2. Kouladoum, Jean-Claude & Wirajing, Muhamadu Awal Kindzeka & Nchofoung, Tii N., 2022. "Digital technologies and financial inclusion in Sub-Saharan Africa," Telecommunications Policy, Elsevier, vol. 46(9).
    3. Sabyasachi Tripathi & Meenakshi Rajeev, 2023. "Gender-Inclusive Development through Fintech: Studying Gender-Based Digital Financial Inclusion in a Cross-Country Setting," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(13), pages 1-34, June.
    4. Mahamat Ibrahim Ahmat Tidjani, 2020. "An exploratory analysis of financial inclusion in Chad," Post-Print hal-03322905, HAL.
    5. Claude Bernard Lontchi & Baochen Yang & Yunpeng Su, 2022. "The Mediating Effect of Financial Literacy and the Moderating Role of Social Capital in the Relationship between Financial Inclusion and Sustainable Development in Cameroon," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(22), pages 1-24, November.
    6. Khan, Mohammed Arshad & Khan, Muhammad Atif & Khan, Muhammad Asif & Alhumoudi, Hamad & Haddad, Hossam, 2023. "Natural resource rents and access to finance," Journal of Multinational Financial Management, Elsevier, vol. 70.
    7. Axelle Heyert & Laurent Weill, 2024. "Is financial inclusion a source of happiness?," Working Papers of LaRGE Research Center 2024-07, Laboratoire de Recherche en Gestion et Economie (LaRGE), Université de Strasbourg.
    8. Seifelyazal Mostafa & Salah Eldin Ashraf & ElSherif Marwa, 2023. "The Impact of Financial Inclusion on Economic Development," International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, Econjournals, vol. 13(2), pages 93-101, March.
    9. Álvarez-Gamboa, Javier & Cabrera-Barona, Pablo & Jácome-Estrella, Hugo, 2023. "Territorial inequalities in financial inclusion: A comparative study between private banks and credit unions," Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, Elsevier, vol. 87(PA).
    10. Lee, Chien-Chiang & Lou, Runchi & Wang, Fuhao, 2023. "Digital financial inclusion and poverty alleviation: Evidence from the sustainable development of China," Economic Analysis and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 77(C), pages 418-434.
    11. Tetteh, Godsway Korku & Goedhuys, Micheline & Konte, Maty & Mohnen, Pierre, 2020. "Towards a new index of mobile money inclusion and the role of the regulatory environment," MERIT Working Papers 2020-035, United Nations University - Maastricht Economic and Social Research Institute on Innovation and Technology (MERIT).
    12. Yadav, Vishal & Singh, Shishir Kumar & Velan, Nirmala & Aftab, Md Asif, 2020. "Impact Assessment of Pradhan Mantri Jan-Dhan Yojana in Augmenting Financial Inclusion in India - A District-Level Analysis," MPRA Paper 105064, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    13. Rajesh Barik & Sanjaya Kumar Lenka, 2023. "Does financial inclusion control corruption in upper-middle and lower-middle income countries?," Asia-Pacific Journal of Regional Science, Springer, vol. 7(1), pages 69-92, March.
    14. Siddiki, Jalal & Bala-Keffi, Ladi R., 2024. "Revisiting the relation between financial inclusion and economic growth: a global analysis using panel threshold regression," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 135(C).
    15. Okowa, Ezaal, Vincent & Moses Owede, 2022. "‘Financial Inclusion-Income Inequality’ Nexus in Nigeria: Evidence from Dynamic Ordinary Least Square (DOLS) Modeling Approach," International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation, International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI), vol. 9(2), pages 84-94, February.
    16. Amit Pandey & Ravi Kiran & Rakesh Kumar Sharma, 2023. "Investigating the Determinants of Financial Inclusion in BRICS Economies: Panel Data Analysis Using Fixed-Effect and Cross-Section Random Effect," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(2), pages 1-21, January.
    17. Sha’ban, Mais & Ayadi, Rym & Forouheshfar, Yeganeh & Challita, Sandra & Sandri, Serena, 2024. "Digital and traditional financial inclusion: Trends and drivers," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 72(PB).
    18. Kosmas Njanike & Raphael T. Mpofu, 2024. "Factors Influencing Financial Inclusion for Social Inclusion in Selected African Countries," Insight on Africa, , vol. 16(1), pages 93-112, January.
    19. Shivangi Bhatia & Gaurav Dawar, 2024. "The Impact of Financial Inclusion on Social and Political Empowerment: Mediating Role of Economic Empowerment," Journal of the Knowledge Economy, Springer;Portland International Center for Management of Engineering and Technology (PICMET), vol. 15(3), pages 13727-13744, September.
    20. Kebede, Jeleta & Selvanathan, Saroja & Naranpanawa, Athula, 2021. "Foreign bank presence, institutional quality, and financial inclusion: Evidence from Africa," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 102(C).
    21. Santiago Carbó-Valverde & Pedro J. Cuadros-Solas & Francisco Rodríguez-Fernández, 2022. "Entrepreneurial, institutional and financial strategies for FinTech profitability," Financial Innovation, Springer;Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, vol. 8(1), pages 1-36, December.
    22. Kalandi Charan Pradhan & Ritik Sharma, 2022. "Assessing the spatiotemporal financial inclusion and its determinants: a sub-national analysis of India," Asia-Pacific Journal of Regional Science, Springer, vol. 6(2), pages 635-681, June.
    23. Tram, Thi Xuan Huong & Lai, Tien Dinh & Nguyen, Thi Truc Huong, 2023. "Constructing a composite financial inclusion index for developing economies," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 87(C), pages 257-265.

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