IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/riibaf/v22y2008i3p325-350.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

A re-examination of the index effect: Gambling on additions to and deletions from the S&P 500's [`]gold seal'

Author

Listed:
  • Kappou, Konstantina
  • Brooks, Chris
  • Ward, Charles W.R.

Abstract

This study examines the abnormal returns, trading activity, volatility and long-term performance of stocks that were added to the S&P 500 index. By using a three-factor pricing model that allows for firm size and value characteristics as well as market risk, we are able to shed new light on the widely observed [`]index effect'. We find that the CAPM tends to overstate the performance of large firms and to understate the performance of small firms. We also find a transitory increase in trading volume between the announcement and a few days after the effective date. In terms of the firm's operating performance, we find a significant increase in earnings per share after inclusion, which combines with the stock price rise to leave the average price-earnings ratio largely unaltered. Examining a unique sample of deletions of international companies and replacements with US companies, we find that deleted stocks experienced a considerable and permanent fall in price, inconsistent with the Investor Recognition Hypothesis. The "seal" of S&P 500 index membership has very long-term effects and inclusion appears not to be an information-free event.

Suggested Citation

  • Kappou, Konstantina & Brooks, Chris & Ward, Charles W.R., 2008. "A re-examination of the index effect: Gambling on additions to and deletions from the S&P 500's [`]gold seal'," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 22(3), pages 325-350, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:riibaf:v:22:y:2008:i:3:p:325-350
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0275-5319(07)00064-5
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. repec:bla:jfinan:v:59:y:2004:i:4:p:1901-1930 is not listed on IDEAS
    2. repec:bla:jfinan:v:44:y:1989:i:2:p:509-13 is not listed on IDEAS
    3. Lamoureux, Christopher G & Wansley, James W, 1987. "Market Effects of Changes in the Standard $50 Poor's 500 Index," The Financial Review, Eastern Finance Association, vol. 22(1), pages 53-69, February.
    4. Jeffrey Wurgler & Ekaterina Zhuravskaya, 2002. "Does Arbitrage Flatten Demand Curves for Stocks?," The Journal of Business, University of Chicago Press, vol. 75(4), pages 583-608, October.
    5. Carhart, Mark M, 1997. "On Persistence in Mutual Fund Performance," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 52(1), pages 57-82, March.
    6. De Long, J Bradford & Andrei Shleifer & Lawrence H. Summers & Robert J. Waldmann, 1990. "Noise Trader Risk in Financial Markets," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 98(4), pages 703-738, August.
    7. Robert O. Edmister & A. Steven Graham & Wendy L. Pirie, 1994. "Excess Returns Of Index Replacement Stocks: Evidence Of Liquidity And Substitutability," Journal of Financial Research, Southern Finance Association;Southwestern Finance Association, vol. 17(3), pages 333-346, September.
    8. Amihud, Yakov & Mendelson, Haim, 1986. "Asset pricing and the bid-ask spread," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 17(2), pages 223-249, December.
    9. Scholes, Myron S, 1972. "The Market for Securities: Substitution versus Price Pressure and the Effects of Information on Share Prices," The Journal of Business, University of Chicago Press, vol. 45(2), pages 179-211, April.
    10. Mikkelson, Wayne H. & Partch, M. Megan, 1985. "Stock price effects and costs of secondary distributions," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 14(2), pages 165-194, June.
    11. Brad M. Barber & Terrance Odean, 2008. "All That Glitters: The Effect of Attention and News on the Buying Behavior of Individual and Institutional Investors," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 21(2), pages 785-818, April.
    12. Edmister, Robert O & Graham, A Steven & Pirie, Wendy L, 1994. "Excess Returns of Index Replacement Stocks: Evidence of Liquidity and Substitutability," Journal of Financial Research, Southern Finance Association;Southwestern Finance Association, vol. 17(3), pages 333-346, Fall.
    13. Harris, Lawrence E & Gurel, Eitan, 1986. "Price and Volume Effects Associated with Changes in the S&P 500 List: New Evidence for the Existence of Price Pressures," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 41(4), pages 815-829, September.
    14. Merton, Robert C, 1987. "A Simple Model of Capital Market Equilibrium with Incomplete Information," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 42(3), pages 483-510, July.
    15. Fama, Eugene F & French, Kenneth R, 1995. "Size and Book-to-Market Factors in Earnings and Returns," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 50(1), pages 131-155, March.
    16. Erwin, Gayle R & Miller, James M, 1998. "The Liquidity Effects Associated with Addition of a Stock to the S&P 500 Index: Evidence from Bid/Ask Spreads," The Financial Review, Eastern Finance Association, vol. 33(1), pages 131-146, February.
    17. J. Randall Woolridge & Chinmoy Ghosh, 1986. "Institutional Trading And Security Prices: The Case Of Changes In The Composition Of The S&P 500 Index," Journal of Financial Research, Southern Finance Association;Southwestern Finance Association, vol. 9(1), pages 13-24, March.
    18. Lynch, Anthony W & Mendenhall, Richard R, 1997. "New Evidence on Stock Price Effects Associated with Changes in the S&P 500 Index," The Journal of Business, University of Chicago Press, vol. 70(3), pages 351-383, July.
    19. Diane K. Denis & John J. McConnell & Alexei V. Ovtchinnikov & Yun Yu, 2003. "S&P 500 Index Additions and Earnings Expectations," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 58(5), pages 1821-1840, October.
    20. Shleifer, Andrei, 1986. "Do Demand Curves for Stocks Slope Down?," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 41(3), pages 579-590, July.
    21. Beneish, Messod D & Whaley, Robert E, 1996. "An Anatomy of the "S&P Game": The Effects of Changing the Rules," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 51(5), pages 1909-1930, December.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. L. C. Baran & T. H. D. King, 2014. "S&P 500 Index reconstitutions and information asymmetry," Applied Financial Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 24(11), pages 777-791, June.
    2. Konstantina Kappou & Ioannis Oikonomou, 2016. "Is There a Gold Social Seal? The Financial Effects of Additions to and Deletions from Social Stock Indices," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 133(3), pages 533-552, February.
    3. Brooks, Chris & Godfrey, Chris & Hillenbrand, Carola & Money, Kevin, 2016. "Do investors care about corporate taxes?," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 38(C), pages 218-248.
    4. Brooks, Chris & Kappou, Konstantina & Stevenson, Simon & Ward, Charles, 2013. "The performance effects of composition changes on sector specific stock indices: The case of European listed real estate," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 29(C), pages 132-142.
    5. Baran, Lindsay, 2017. "Director connectedness and firm value in S&P 500 Index reconstitutions," Journal of Economics and Business, Elsevier, vol. 92(C), pages 63-79.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Brooks, Chris & Kappou, Konstantina & Stevenson, Simon & Ward, Charles, 2013. "The performance effects of composition changes on sector specific stock indices: The case of European listed real estate," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 29(C), pages 132-142.
    2. Afego, Pyemo N., 2017. "Effects of changes in stock index compositions: A literature survey," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 52(C), pages 228-239.
    3. Wang, Chuan & Murgulov, Zoltan & Haman, Janto, 2015. "Impact of changes in the CSI 300 Index constituents," Emerging Markets Review, Elsevier, vol. 24(C), pages 13-33.
    4. Konstantina Kappou & Ioannis Oikonomou, 2016. "Is There a Gold Social Seal? The Financial Effects of Additions to and Deletions from Social Stock Indices," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 133(3), pages 533-552, February.
    5. Fernandes, Marcelo & Mergulhão, João, 2016. "Anticipatory effects in the FTSE 100 index revisions," Journal of Empirical Finance, Elsevier, vol. 37(C), pages 79-90.
    6. Akhigbe, Aigbe & Martin, Anna D. & Newman, Melinda & de Souza, Andre, 2022. "Russell index reconstitutions and short interest," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 84(C), pages 577-588.
    7. Konstantina Kappou, 2018. "The diminished effect of index rebalances," Journal of Asset Management, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 19(4), pages 235-244, July.
    8. Ernest N. Biktimirov & Yuanbin Xu, 2019. "Market reactions to changes in the Dow Jones industrial average index," International Journal of Managerial Finance, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 15(5), pages 792-812, May.
    9. Kappou, Konstantina & Brooks, Chris & Ward, Charles, 2010. "The S&P500 index effect reconsidered: Evidence from overnight and intraday stock price performance and volume," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 34(1), pages 116-126, January.
    10. Antti Petajisto, 2004. "Why Do Demand Curves for Stocks Slope Down?," Yale School of Management Working Papers amz2458, Yale School of Management, revised 01 Sep 2008.
    11. Kot, Hung Wan & Leung, Harry K.M. & Tang, Gordon Y.N., 2015. "The long-term performance of index additions and deletions: Evidence from the Hang Seng Index," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 42(C), pages 407-420.
    12. Barberis, Nicholas & Shleifer, Andrei & Wurgler, Jeffrey, 2005. "Comovement," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 75(2), pages 283-317, February.
    13. Kashyap, Anil K & Kovrijnykh, Natalia & Li, Jian & Pavlova, Anna, 2021. "The benchmark inclusion subsidy," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 142(2), pages 756-774.
    14. Zhang, Yue, 2015. "The securitization of gold and its potential impact on gold stocks," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 58(C), pages 309-326.
    15. William B. Elliott & Bonnie F. Van Ness & Mark D. Walker & Richard S. Warr, 2006. "What Drives the S&P 500 Inclusion Effect? An Analytical Survey," Financial Management, Financial Management Association International, vol. 35(4), pages 31-48, December.
    16. Yun, Jooyoung & Kim, Tong S., 2010. "The effect of changes in index constitution: Evidence from the Korean stock market," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 19(4), pages 258-269, September.
    17. Hacıbedel, Burcu, 2014. "Does investor recognition matter for asset pricing?," Emerging Markets Review, Elsevier, vol. 21(C), pages 1-20.
    18. Jung-Wook Kim & Jason Lee & Randall Morck, 2009. "Characteristics of Observed Limit Order Demand and Supply Schedules for Individual Stocks," NBER Working Papers 14733, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    19. Škrinjarić Tihana, 2019. "Effects of changes in stock market index composition on stock returns: event study methodology on Zagreb Stock Exchange," Croatian Review of Economic, Business and Social Statistics, Sciendo, vol. 5(1), pages 43-54, May.
    20. Chu, Gang & Goodell, John W. & Li, Xiao & Zhang, Yongjie, 2021. "Long-term impacts of index reconstitutions: Evidence from the CSI 300 additions and deletions," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 69(C).

    More about this item

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:riibaf:v:22:y:2008:i:3:p:325-350. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/ribaf .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.