IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/reveco/v71y2021icp830-852.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

The effects of investor attention and policy uncertainties on cross-border country exchange-traded fund returns

Author

Listed:
  • Lee, Chien-Chiang
  • Chen, Mei-Ping

Abstract

Using a new panel quantile regression approach, this research explores how investor attention and policy uncertainties affect conditional return distributions for 126 cross-border U.S. trading single-country exchange traded funds (ETFs). We find that economic, fiscal, and monetary policy uncertainties negatively impact most of the ETF return quantiles, implying that a non-linear relationship exists, but trade policy uncertainty has asymmetric impacts on current returns that are salient positive in the following period. Therefore, considering four policy uncertainties allows us to completely analyze a single-country ETF market, thus providing valuable insights for ETF portfolio investors, hedge trading, and policymakers.

Suggested Citation

  • Lee, Chien-Chiang & Chen, Mei-Ping, 2021. "The effects of investor attention and policy uncertainties on cross-border country exchange-traded fund returns," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 71(C), pages 830-852.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:reveco:v:71:y:2021:i:c:p:830-852
    DOI: 10.1016/j.iref.2020.10.015
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1059056020302434
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.iref.2020.10.015?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Dirk G. Baur & Brian M. Lucey, 2010. "Is Gold a Hedge or a Safe Haven? An Analysis of Stocks, Bonds and Gold," The Financial Review, Eastern Finance Association, vol. 45(2), pages 217-229, May.
    2. Wu, Shan & Tong, Mu & Yang, Zhongyi & Derbali, Abdelkader, 2019. "Does gold or Bitcoin hedge economic policy uncertainty?," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 31(C), pages 171-178.
    3. Bekaert, Geert & Hoerova, Marie & Lo Duca, Marco, 2013. "Risk, uncertainty and monetary policy," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, vol. 60(7), pages 771-788.
    4. Chang, Tsangyao & Chen, Wen-Yi & Gupta, Rangan & Nguyen, Duc Khuong, 2015. "Are stock prices related to the political uncertainty index in OECD countries? Evidence from the bootstrap panel causality test," Economic Systems, Elsevier, vol. 39(2), pages 288-300.
    5. Alexander Kupfer & Josef Zorn, 2019. "Valuable information in early sales proxies: The use of Google search ranks in portfolio optimization," Journal of Forecasting, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 38(1), pages 1-10, January.
    6. Baur, Dirk G. & Dimpfl, Thomas & Jung, Robert C., 2012. "Stock return autocorrelations revisited: A quantile regression approach," Journal of Empirical Finance, Elsevier, vol. 19(2), pages 254-265.
    7. Tim Bollerslev & George Tauchen & Hao Zhou, 2009. "Expected Stock Returns and Variance Risk Premia," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 22(11), pages 4463-4492, November.
    8. You, Wanhai & Guo, Yawei & Zhu, Huiming & Tang, Yong, 2017. "Oil price shocks, economic policy uncertainty and industry stock returns in China: Asymmetric effects with quantile regression," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 68(C), pages 1-18.
    9. Rey, Hélène, 2015. "Dilemma not Trilemma: The Global Financial Cycle and Monetary Policy Independence," CEPR Discussion Papers 10591, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
    10. Westerlund, Joakim & Narayan, Paresh Kumar & Zheng, Xinwei, 2015. "Testing for stock return predictability in a large Chinese panel," Emerging Markets Review, Elsevier, vol. 24(C), pages 81-100.
    11. Goddard, John & Kita, Arben & Wang, Qingwei, 2015. "Investor attention and FX market volatility," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 38(C), pages 79-96.
    12. Lubos Pástor & Pietro Veronesi, 2012. "Uncertainty about Government Policy and Stock Prices," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 67(4), pages 1219-1264, August.
    13. Robert Jacobsen, 1988. "The persistence of abnormal returns," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 9(5), pages 415-430, September.
    14. Baur, Dirk G. & McDermott, Thomas K., 2010. "Is gold a safe haven? International evidence," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 34(8), pages 1886-1898, August.
    15. Bijsterbosch, Martin & Guérin, Pierre, 2013. "Characterizing very high uncertainty episodes," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 121(2), pages 239-243.
    16. Artem Meshcheryakov & Stoyu I Ivanov, 2017. "Investor's sentiment in predicting the Effective Federal Funds Rate," Economics Bulletin, AccessEcon, vol. 37(4), pages 2767-2796.
    17. Machado, José A.F. & Santos Silva, J.M.C., 2019. "Quantiles via moments," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 213(1), pages 145-173.
    18. Qadan, Mahmoud & Nama, Hazar, 2018. "Investor sentiment and the price of oil," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 69(C), pages 42-58.
    19. Xuewu (Wesley) Wang, 2017. "Investor Attention Strategy," Journal of Behavioral Finance, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 18(4), pages 390-399, October.
    20. Zhi Da & Joseph Engelberg & Pengjie Gao, 2015. "Editor's Choice The Sum of All FEARS Investor Sentiment and Asset Prices," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 28(1), pages 1-32.
    21. Levent Bulut, 2018. "Google Trends and the forecasting performance of exchange rate models," Journal of Forecasting, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 37(3), pages 303-315, April.
    22. Amos Tversky & Daniel Kahneman, 1991. "Loss Aversion in Riskless Choice: A Reference-Dependent Model," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 106(4), pages 1039-1061.
    23. Brown, Stephen J & Goetzmann, William N, 1995. "Performance Persistence," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 50(2), pages 679-698, June.
    24. Zhi Da & Joseph Engelberg & Pengjie Gao, 2011. "In Search of Attention," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 66(5), pages 1461-1499, October.
    25. Bruno, Valentina & Shin, Hyun Song, 2015. "Capital flows and the risk-taking channel of monetary policy," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, vol. 71(C), pages 119-132.
    26. Connolly, Robert & Stivers, Chris & Sun, Licheng, 2005. "Stock Market Uncertainty and the Stock-Bond Return Relation," Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Cambridge University Press, vol. 40(1), pages 161-194, March.
    27. Ko, Jun-Hyung & Lee, Chang-Min, 2015. "International economic policy uncertainty and stock prices: Wavelet approach," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 134(C), pages 118-122.
    28. Scott R. Baker & Nicholas Bloom & Steven J. Davis, 2016. "Measuring Economic Policy Uncertainty," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 131(4), pages 1593-1636.
    29. Joakim Westerlund & Paresh K Narayan & Xinwei Zheng, "undated". "Testing For Stock Return Predictability In A Large Chinese Panel," Working Papers 2015_11, Deakin University, Department of Economics.
    30. Baker, Malcolm & Wurgler, Jeffrey & Yuan, Yu, 2012. "Global, local, and contagious investor sentiment," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 104(2), pages 272-287.
    31. Guo, Peng & Zhu, Huiming & You, Wanhai, 2018. "Asymmetric dependence between economic policy uncertainty and stock market returns in G7 and BRIC: A quantile regression approach," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 25(C), pages 251-258.
    32. Lin, Anchor Y., 2009. "Law, culture and investment performance: A cross-country analysis," Global Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 19(3), pages 323-341.
    33. Antonakakis, Nikolaos & Chatziantoniou, Ioannis & Filis, George, 2013. "Dynamic co-movements of stock market returns, implied volatility and policy uncertainty," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 120(1), pages 87-92.
    34. Serpil Canbaş & Serkan Yılmaz Kandır, 2009. "Investor Sentiment and Stock Returns: Evidence from Turkey," Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 45(4), pages 36-52, July.
    35. Brad M. Barber & Terrance Odean, 2008. "All That Glitters: The Effect of Attention and News on the Buying Behavior of Individual and Institutional Investors," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 21(2), pages 785-818, April.
    36. Buckle, Mike & Chen, Jing & Guo, Qian & Tong, Chen, 2018. "Do ETFs lead the price moves? Evidence from the major US markets," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 58(C), pages 91-103.
    37. Tony Lancaster, 2002. "Orthogonal Parameters and Panel Data," The Review of Economic Studies, Review of Economic Studies Ltd, vol. 69(3), pages 647-666.
    38. Thomas Dimpfl & Stephan Jank, 2016. "Can Internet Search Queries Help to Predict Stock Market Volatility?," European Financial Management, European Financial Management Association, vol. 22(2), pages 171-192, March.
    39. Smith, Vernon L & Suchanek, Gerry L & Williams, Arlington W, 1988. "Bubbles, Crashes, and Endogenous Expectations in Experimental Spot Asset Markets," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 56(5), pages 1119-1151, September.
    40. Chen, Mei-Ping & Lee, Chien-Chiang & Hsu, Yi-Chung, 2017. "Investor sentiment and country exchange traded funds: Does economic freedom matter?," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 42(C), pages 285-299.
    41. Peng, Lin & Xiong, Wei, 2006. "Investor attention, overconfidence and category learning," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 80(3), pages 563-602, June.
    42. Gutierrez, Jose A. & Martinez, Valeria & Tse, Yiuman, 2009. "Where does return and volatility come from? The case of Asian ETFs," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 18(4), pages 671-679, October.
    43. Seasholes, Mark S. & Wu, Guojun, 2007. "Predictable behavior, profits, and attention," Journal of Empirical Finance, Elsevier, vol. 14(5), pages 590-610, December.
    44. Zhi Da & Sophie Shive, 2018. "Exchange traded funds and asset return correlations," European Financial Management, European Financial Management Association, vol. 24(1), pages 136-168, January.
    45. Michael Donadelli, 2015. "Google search-based metrics, policy-related uncertainty and macroeconomic conditions," Applied Economics Letters, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 22(10), pages 801-807, July.
    46. Lee, Chien-Chiang & Zeng, Jhih-Hong, 2011. "Revisiting the relationship between spot and futures oil prices: Evidence from quantile cointegrating regression," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 33(5), pages 924-935, September.
    47. Chiang, Thomas C., 2019. "Economic policy uncertainty, risk and stock returns: Evidence from G7 stock markets," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 29(C), pages 41-49.
    48. Barber, Brad M. & Lyon, John D., 1997. "Detecting long-run abnormal stock returns: The empirical power and specification of test statistics," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 43(3), pages 341-372, March.
    49. David R. Gallagher & Peter A. Gardner & Camille H. Schmidt & Terry S. Walter, 2014. "Portfolio Quality and Mutual Fund Performance," International Review of Finance, International Review of Finance Ltd., vol. 14(4), pages 485-521, December.
    50. Reboredo, Juan C. & Uddin, Gazi Salah, 2016. "Do financial stress and policy uncertainty have an impact on the energy and metals markets? A quantile regression approach," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 43(C), pages 284-298.
    51. Ihsan Ullah Badshah, 2013. "Quantile Regression Analysis of the Asymmetric Return‐Volatility Relation," Journal of Futures Markets, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 33(3), pages 235-265, March.
    52. Raza, Syed Ali & Shah, Nida & Shahbaz, Muhammad, 2018. "Does economic policy uncertainty influence gold prices? Evidence from a nonparametric causality-in-quantiles approach," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 57(C), pages 61-68.
    53. Kou, Yi & Ye, Qiang & Zhao, Feng & Wang, Xiaolin, 2018. "Effects of investor attention on commodity futures markets," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 25(C), pages 190-195.
    54. Balcilar, Mehmet & Gupta, Rangan & Lee, Chien-Chiang & Olasehinde-Williams, Godwin, 2020. "Insurance and economic policy uncertainty," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 54(C).
    55. Takeda, Fumiko & Wakao, Takumi, 2014. "Google search intensity and its relationship with returns and trading volume of Japanese stocks," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 27(C), pages 1-18.
    56. Sherrill, D. Eli & Shirley, Sara E. & Stark, Jeffrey R., 2017. "Actively managed mutual funds holding passive investments: What do ETF positions tell us about mutual fund ability?," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 76(C), pages 48-64.
    57. Yue Peng & Wing Ng, 2012. "Analysing financial contagion and asymmetric market dependence with volatility indices via copulas," Annals of Finance, Springer, vol. 8(1), pages 49-74, February.
    58. Roger Koenker & Kevin F. Hallock, 2001. "Quantile Regression," Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, vol. 15(4), pages 143-156, Fall.
    59. Lee, Chien-Chiang & Chen, Mei-Ping, 2020. "Happiness sentiments and the prediction of cross-border country exchange-traded fund returns," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 54(C).
    60. Ghulam Sarwar & Walayet Khan, 2017. "The Effect of US Stock Market Uncertainty on Emerging Market Returns," Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 53(8), pages 1796-1811, August.
    61. Chiang, Thomas C., 2019. "Empirical analysis of intertemporal relations between downside risks and expected returns—Evidence from Asian markets," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 47(C), pages 264-278.
    62. Sarwar, Ghulam, 2012. "Is VIX an investor fear gauge in BRIC equity markets?," Journal of Multinational Financial Management, Elsevier, vol. 22(3), pages 55-65.
    63. Yiuman Tse & Jose A. Gutierrez, 2009. "Where does Volatility and Return Come From? The Case of Asian ETFs," Working Papers 0063, College of Business, University of Texas at San Antonio.
    64. Lee, Hsiu-Chuan & Tseng, Yung-Ching & Yang, Chung-Jen, 2014. "Commonality in liquidity, liquidity distribution, and financial crisis: Evidence from country ETFs," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 29(C), pages 35-58.
    65. Gozgor, Giray & Tiwari, Aviral Kumar & Demir, Ender & Akron, Sagi, 2019. "The relationship between Bitcoin returns and trade policy uncertainty," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 29(C), pages 75-82.
    66. Massimo Guidolin & Alexei G. Orlov & Manuela Pedio, 2018. "How good can heuristic-based forecasts be? A comparative performance of econometric and heuristic models for UK and US asset returns," Quantitative Finance, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 18(1), pages 139-169, January.
    67. Omar Esqueda & Yongli Luo & Dave Jackson, 2015. "The linkage between the U.S. “fear index” and ADR premiums under non-frictionless stock markets," Journal of Economics and Finance, Springer;Academy of Economics and Finance, vol. 39(3), pages 541-556, July.
    68. Converse, Nathan, 2018. "Uncertainty, capital flows, and maturity mismatch," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 88(C), pages 260-275.
    69. Joëlle Miffre, 2007. "Country-specific ETFs: An efficient approach to global asset allocation," Journal of Asset Management, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 8(2), pages 112-122, July.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Damien KUNJAL, 2023. "The Role of Investor Attention in ETF Liquidity," Journal of Economics and Financial Analysis, Tripal Publishing House, vol. 7(2), pages 45-64.
    2. Hsieh, Meng-Fen & Lee, Chien-Chiang & Lin, Yi-Ching, 2022. "New evidence on liquidity creation and bank capital: The roles of liquidity and political risk," Economic Analysis and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 73(C), pages 778-794.
    3. Alomari, Mohammed & Selmi, Refk & Mensi, Walid & Ko, Hee-Un & Kang, Sang Hoon, 2024. "Dynamic spillovers in higher moments and jumps across ETFs and economic and financial uncertainty factors in the context of successive shocks," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 93(C), pages 210-228.
    4. He, Feng & Yan, Yulin & Hao, Jing & Wu, Ji (George), 2022. "Retail investor attention and corporate green innovation: Evidence from China," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 115(C).
    5. Damien Kunjal, 2022. "Evaluating the Liquidity Response of South African Exchange-Traded Funds to Country Risk Effects," Economies, MDPI, vol. 10(6), pages 1-20, June.
    6. Xu, Danyang & Hu, Yang & Corbet, Shaen & Lang, Chunlin, 2024. "Return connectedness of green bonds and financial investment channels in China: Implications for hedging and regulation," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 70(PA).
    7. Zhang, Xiaoming & Wei, Chunyan & Lee, Chien-Chiang & Tian, Yiming, 2023. "Systemic risk of Chinese financial institutions and asset price bubbles," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 64(C).

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Lee, Chien-Chiang & Chen, Mei-Ping, 2020. "Do natural disasters and geopolitical risks matter for cross-border country exchange-traded fund returns?," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 51(C).
    2. Lee, Chien-Chiang & Chen, Mei-Ping, 2020. "Happiness sentiments and the prediction of cross-border country exchange-traded fund returns," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 54(C).
    3. Das, Debojyoti & Kannadhasan, M., 2020. "The asymmetric oil price and policy uncertainty shock exposure of emerging market sectoral equity returns: A quantile regression approach," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 69(C), pages 563-581.
    4. Aharon, David Y. & Qadan, Mahmoud, 2018. "What drives the demand for information in the commodity market?," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 59(C), pages 532-543.
    5. Das, Debojyoti & Kannadhasan, M. & Bhattacharyya, Malay, 2019. "Do the emerging stock markets react to international economic policy uncertainty, geopolitical risk and financial stress alike?," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 48(C), pages 1-19.
    6. You, Wanhai & Guo, Yawei & Zhu, Huiming & Tang, Yong, 2017. "Oil price shocks, economic policy uncertainty and industry stock returns in China: Asymmetric effects with quantile regression," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 68(C), pages 1-18.
    7. Szczygielski, Jan Jakub & Charteris, Ailie & Obojska, Lidia, 2023. "Do commodity markets catch a cold from stock markets? Modelling uncertainty spillovers using Google search trends and wavelet coherence," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 87(C).
    8. Chen, Zhongdong & Craig, Karen Ann, 2023. "Active attention, retail investor base, and stock returns," Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Finance, Elsevier, vol. 39(C).
    9. Szczygielski, Jan Jakub & Charteris, Ailie & Bwanya, Princess Rutendo & Brzeszczyński, Janusz, 2023. "Which COVID-19 information really impacts stock markets?," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 84(C).
    10. Mokni, Khaled, 2021. "When, where, and how economic policy uncertainty predicts Bitcoin returns and volatility? A quantiles-based analysis," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 80(C), pages 65-73.
    11. Georgios Bampinas & Theodore Panagiotidis & Christina Rouska, 2019. "Volatility persistence and asymmetry under the microscope: the role of information demand for gold and oil," Scottish Journal of Political Economy, Scottish Economic Society, vol. 66(1), pages 180-197, February.
    12. Rehman, Mobeen Ur & Sensoy, Ahmet & Eraslan, Veysel & Shahzad, Syed Jawad Hussain & Vo, Xuan Vinh, 2021. "Sensitivity of US equity returns to economic policy uncertainty and investor sentiments," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 57(C).
    13. Tantaopas, Parkpoom & Padungsaksawasdi, Chaiyuth & Treepongkaruna, Sirimon, 2016. "Attention effect via internet search intensity in Asia-Pacific stock markets," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 38(C), pages 107-124.
    14. Christophe Desagre & Catherine D'Hondt, 2020. "Googlization and retail investors' trading activity," LIDAM Discussion Papers LFIN 2020004, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain Finance (LFIN).
    15. Goodell, John W. & Kumar, Satish & Li, Xiao & Pattnaik, Debidutta & Sharma, Anuj, 2022. "Foundations and research clusters in investor attention: Evidence from bibliometric and topic modelling analysis," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 82(C), pages 511-529.
    16. Lin, Boqiang & Chen, Yiyang & Gong, Xu, 2024. "Stress from attention: The relationship between climate change attention and crude oil markets," Journal of Commodity Markets, Elsevier, vol. 34(C).
    17. Desagre, Christophe & D’Hondt, Catherine, 2021. "Googlization and retail trading activity," Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Finance, Elsevier, vol. 29(C).
    18. Ahmed, Walid M.A., 2024. "Attention to climate change and eco-friendly financial-asset prices: A quantile ARDL approach," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 136(C).
    19. Szczygielski, Jan Jakub & Charteris, Ailie & Bwanya, Princess Rutendo & Brzeszczyński, Janusz, 2024. "Google search trends and stock markets: Sentiment, attention or uncertainty?," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 91(C).
    20. Li, Sufang & Zhang, Hu & Yuan, Di, 2019. "Investor attention and crude oil prices: Evidence from nonlinear Granger causality tests," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 84(C).

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:reveco:v:71:y:2021:i:c:p:830-852. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/inca/620165 .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.