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Energy and carbon coupled water footprint analysis for Kraft wood pulp paper production

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  • Ma, Xiaotian
  • Shen, Xiaoxu
  • Qi, Congcong
  • Ye, Liping
  • Yang, Donglu
  • Hong, Jinglan

Abstract

Although paper production demonstrates high energy and water sensitivity in their life cycles, only a few systematic analyses have focused on these issues. Therefore, an energy and carbon coupled water footprint analysis of five types of Kraft wood pulp-based paper (i.e., specialty-, art-, household-, light coated-, and tissue paper) is conducted in this study to help improve the environmental performance of the paper industry. All investigations are conducted with an impact-oriented approach based on ISO standards. Results show that elemental-chlorine-free bleaching is more environmentally friendly than chlorination-alkaline extraction-hypochlorite bleaching, specifically for global warming, aquatic eutrophication, and human health (i.e., carcinogens and non-carcinogens). Gray water footprint along whole life cycles of each product is approximately twice of blue water footprint. Direct processes contribute approximately 50% to water scarcity, while their impact on aquatic eutrophication ranges from 0.002% to 50.72%. For other midpoints, indirect processes dominate the influences. Meanwhile, COD, BOD5, CO2, TP, Cr (Ⅵ), Ti, Hg, and As are key contributors. Finally, reusing sludge by direct burning in the recovery furnace, reclaiming organic compounds in black liquor before alkali recycling, and integrating black liquor gasification technology are expected to provide substantial environmental benefits. Amelioration of wastewater treatment, optimization of the national energy structure, and improvement of the efficiency of chemicals and freshwater are recommended.

Suggested Citation

  • Ma, Xiaotian & Shen, Xiaoxu & Qi, Congcong & Ye, Liping & Yang, Donglu & Hong, Jinglan, 2018. "Energy and carbon coupled water footprint analysis for Kraft wood pulp paper production," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 96(C), pages 253-261.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:rensus:v:96:y:2018:i:c:p:253-261
    DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2018.07.054
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    2. Suo, C. & Li, Y.P. & Mei, H. & Lv, J. & Sun, J. & Nie, S., 2021. "Towards sustainability for China's energy system through developing an energy-climate-water nexus model," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 135(C).
    3. Cano-Rodríguez, Sara & Rubio-Varas, Mar & Sesma-Martín, Diego, 2022. "At the crossroad between green and thirsty: Carbon emissions and water consumption of Spanish thermoelectricity generation, 1969–2019," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 195(C).
    4. Zhao, Yuhuan & Shi, Qiaoling & li, Hao & Qian, Zhiling & Zheng, Lu & Wang, Song & He, Yizhang, 2022. "Simulating the economic and environmental effects of integrated policies in energy-carbon-water nexus of China," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 238(PA).
    5. Hao Li & Yuhuan Zhao & Jiang Lin, 2020. "A review of the energy–carbon–water nexus: Concepts, research focuses, mechanisms, and methodologies," Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Energy and Environment, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 9(1), January.
    6. Man, Yi & Li, Jigeng & Hong, Mengna & Han, Yulin, 2020. "Energy transition for the low-carbon pulp and paper industry in China," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 131(C).

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