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Current nature-based biological practices for rare earth elements extraction and recovery: Bioleaching and biosorption

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  • Brown, Rebecca M.
  • Mirkouei, Amin
  • Reed, David
  • Thompson, Vicki

Abstract

There is a growing demand for advancing products and renewable technologies worldwide that rely on rare earth elements (REEs), including those directly necessary for a low-carbon energy transition, national security applications, and consumer electronics. This study focuses on current nature-based biological methods (i.e., bioleaching and biosorption) for REEs extraction from electronic wastes (e-wastes) and ore deposits. Comprehensive narrative and systematic reviews of bioleaching and biosorption extraction methods are performed to identify their sustainability challenges and benefits, and highlight the potential pathways that would address the existing gaps. From the narrative review, it is evident that biological methods for REEs extraction are more environmentally friendly than conventional methods currently used in the REE mining industry (e.g., acid leaching and solvent extraction). From the systematic review, it is clear that bioleaching and biosorption research has been a rapidly growing field of interest over the last 10 years, particularly for precious metals extraction (e.g., copper and gold). From both reviews, it is apparent that REEs extraction from domestic ore deposits alone is inadequate, and sustainable REEs recovery from e-wastes is also necessary to meet the growing REEs demand. It is concluded that targeted mixed REEs extraction for specific products can be a potential pathway for sustainable REEs extraction from both ore and e-wastes that would reduce separation costs and emissions from the associated use of harsh chemicals. It is further concluded that nature-based biological REE extraction solutions offer an opportunity to generate significant socio-economic and environmental benefits.

Suggested Citation

  • Brown, Rebecca M. & Mirkouei, Amin & Reed, David & Thompson, Vicki, 2023. "Current nature-based biological practices for rare earth elements extraction and recovery: Bioleaching and biosorption," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 173(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:rensus:v:173:y:2023:i:c:s1364032122009807
    DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2022.113099
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Nawshad Haque & Anthony Hughes & Seng Lim & Chris Vernon, 2014. "Rare Earth Elements: Overview of Mining, Mineralogy, Uses, Sustainability and Environmental Impact," Resources, MDPI, vol. 3(4), pages 1-22, October.
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    3. Ata Akcil & Zhi Sun & Sandeep Panda, 2020. "COVID-19 disruptions to tech-metals supply are a wake-up call," Nature, Nature, vol. 587(7834), pages 365-367, November.
    4. Shahana Althaf & Callie W. Babbitt & Roger Chen, 2021. "The evolution of consumer electronic waste in the United States," Journal of Industrial Ecology, Yale University, vol. 25(3), pages 693-706, June.
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    1. Yang, Xiaoming & Islam, Md. Monirul & Mentel, Grzegorz & Ahmad, Ashfaq & Vasa, László, 2024. "Synergistic dynamics unveiled: Interplay between rare earth prices, clean energy innovations, and tech companies' market resilience amidst the Covid-19 pandemic and Russia-Ukraine conflict," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 89(C).

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