IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/rensus/v139y2021ics1364032120309825.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Global energy networks: Geographies of mergers and acquisitions of worldwide oil companies

Author

Listed:
  • Guo, Yue
  • Yang, Yu
  • Wang, Chang

Abstract

The global energy merger and acquisition (M&A) network plays an important part in understanding worldwide oil companies and energy flows. Based on data for 26,705 M&As from 1997 to 2018, this paper establishes a global oil and gas M&A network, and conducts statistical and network analysis on the global oil and gas M&A behaviour of countries, industrial chains, and major companies from a geographical perspective. This paper finds as follows. (1) Oil and gas M&As follow the geographical proximity principle. Domestic M&As are the main form of global oil and gas M&As; cross-border M&As account for only a small proportion. (2) Europe and North America are the most active regions in oil and gas cross-border M&As. The most proactive participants include the United States and Canada in North America, as well as the United Kingdom, Netherlands, France, Switzerland, and Russia in Europe. Also, in Asia, such countries as China, India, and Singapore are active participants in global M&As, while some oil-producing countries in Africa and the Middle East are on the verge of M&A networks. (3) The acquisition of international oil companies (IOCs) is significantly more frequent than that of national oil companies (NOCs). NOCs’ global expansion and power to control global oil are far less than that of IOCs. Furthermore, the target areas for NOCs are highly limited. The aim of NOC M&As is to obtain natural resources, and thus, this type of M&A is more subject to other countries’ geopolitical considerations.

Suggested Citation

  • Guo, Yue & Yang, Yu & Wang, Chang, 2021. "Global energy networks: Geographies of mergers and acquisitions of worldwide oil companies," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 139(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:rensus:v:139:y:2021:i:c:s1364032120309825
    DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2020.110698
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032120309825
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.rser.2020.110698?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Bos, Martijn & Demirer, Riza & Gupta, Rangan & Tiwari, Aviral Kumar, 2018. "Oil returns and volatility: The role of mergers and acquisitions," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 71(C), pages 62-69.
    2. Ron Boschma & Matté Hartog, 2014. "Merger and Acquisition Activity as Driver of Spatial Clustering: The Spatial Evolution of the Dutch Banking Industry, 1850–1993," Economic Geography, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 90(3), pages 247-266, July.
    3. Waterworth, Alec & Bradshaw, Michael J., 2018. "Unconventional trade-offs? National oil companies, foreign investment and oil and gas development in Argentina and Brazil," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 122(C), pages 7-16.
    4. Zhang, ZhongXiang, 2012. "Why Are the Stakes So High? Misconceptions and Misunderstandings in China’s Global Quest for Energy Security," Energy: Resources and Markets 130548, Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei (FEEM).
    5. Gavin Bridge, 2008. "Global production networks and the extractive sector: governing resource-based development," Journal of Economic Geography, Oxford University Press, vol. 8(3), pages 389-419, May.
    6. Mohn, Klaus & Misund, Bård, 2009. "Investment and uncertainty in the international oil and gas industry," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 31(2), pages 240-248, March.
    7. Al Rousan, Sahel & Sbia, Rashid & Tas, Bedri Kamil Onur, 2018. "A dynamic network analysis of the world oil market: Analysis of OPEC and non-OPEC members," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 75(C), pages 28-41.
    8. Zhang, Xun & Yu, Lean & Wang, Shouyang & Lai, Kin Keung, 2009. "Estimating the impact of extreme events on crude oil price: An EMD-based event analysis method," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 31(5), pages 768-778, September.
    9. Ron Boschma & Emanuela Marrocu & Raffaele Paci, 2016. "Symmetric and asymmetric effects of proximities. The case of M&A deals in Italy," Journal of Economic Geography, Oxford University Press, vol. 16(2), pages 505-535.
    10. Ronald Sean Wall & G. A. van der Knaap, 2011. "Sectoral Differentiation and Network Structure Within Contemporary Worldwide Corporate Networks," Economic Geography, Clark University, vol. 87(3), pages 267-308, July.
    11. Dharmapala, Dhammika & Hines Jr., James R., 2009. "Which countries become tax havens?," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 93(9-10), pages 1058-1068, October.
    12. An, Haizhong & Zhong, Weiqiong & Chen, Yurong & Li, Huajiao & Gao, Xiangyun, 2014. "Features and evolution of international crude oil trade relationships: A trading-based network analysis," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 74(C), pages 254-259.
    13. Martynova, Marina & Renneboog, Luc, 2008. "A century of corporate takeovers: What have we learned and where do we stand?," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 32(10), pages 2148-2177, October.
    14. Christopher May, 2015. "Who’s in charge? Corporations as institutions of global governance," Palgrave Communications, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 1(palcomms2), pages 15042-15042, December.
    15. Ronald Sean Wall & G. A. van der Knaap, 2011. "Sectoral Differentiation and Network Structure Within Contemporary Worldwide Corporate Networks," Economic Geography, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 87(3), pages 267-308, July.
    16. Weston, J. Fred & Johnson, Brian A. & Siu, Juan A., 1999. "Mergers and restructuring in the world oil industry," Journal of Energy Finance & Development, Elsevier, vol. 4(2), pages 149-183.
    17. Hampton, Mark P. & Christensen, John, 2002. "Offshore Pariahs? Small Island Economies, Tax Havens, and the Re-configuration of Global Finance," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 30(9), pages 1657-1673, September.
    18. Ng, Alex & Donker, Han, 2013. "Purchasing reserves and commodity market timing as takeover motives in the oil and gas industry," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 37(C), pages 167-181.
    19. Zhang, Hai-Ying & Ji, Qiang & Fan, Ying, 2014. "Competition, transmission and pattern evolution: A network analysis of global oil trade," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 73(C), pages 312-322.
    20. Bertrand, Olivier & Betschinger, Marie-Ann, 2012. "Performance of domestic and cross-border acquisitions: Empirical evidence from Russian acquirers," Journal of Comparative Economics, Elsevier, vol. 40(3), pages 413-437.
    21. Sun, Qingru & Gao, Xiangyun & Zhong, Weiqiong & Liu, Nairong, 2017. "The stability of the international oil trade network from short-term and long-term perspectives," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 482(C), pages 345-356.
    22. Zhang, ZhongXiang, 2012. "The overseas acquisitions and equity oil shares of Chinese national oil companies: A threat to the West but a boost to China's energy security?," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 48(C), pages 698-701.
    23. Xie, En & Reddy, K.S. & Liang, Jie, 2017. "Country-specific determinants of cross-border mergers and acquisitions: A comprehensive review and future research directions," Journal of World Business, Elsevier, vol. 52(2), pages 127-183.
    24. Manuel Monge & Luís Alberiko Gil-Alana, 2016. "Fractional integration and cointegration in merger and acquisitions in the US petroleum industry," Applied Economics Letters, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 23(10), pages 701-704, July.
    25. Yoo, Kyungjin & Lee, Youah & Heo, Eunnyeong, 2013. "Economic effects by merger and acquisition types in the renewable energy sector: An event study approach," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 26(C), pages 694-701.
    26. Feng, George & Mu, Xianzhong, 2010. "Cultural challenges to Chinese oil companies in Africa and their strategies," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 38(11), pages 7250-7256, November.
    27. Andrea Ascani, 2018. "The takeover selection decisions of multinational enterprises: empirical evidence from European target firms," Journal of Economic Geography, Oxford University Press, vol. 18(6), pages 1227-1252.
    28. Thijs Van de Graaf & Jeff Colgan, 2016. "Global energy governance: a review and research agenda," Palgrave Communications, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 2(1), pages 1-12, December.
    29. Gregoriou, Greg N. & Renneboog, Luc, 2007. "International Mergers and Acquisitions Activity Since 1990," Elsevier Monographs, Elsevier, edition 1, number 9780750682893.
    30. Colgan, Jeff D., 2014. "The Emperor Has No Clothes: The Limits of OPEC in the Global Oil Market," International Organization, Cambridge University Press, vol. 68(3), pages 599-632, July.
    31. Ji, Qiang & Geng, Jiang-Bo & Tiwari, Aviral Kumar, 2018. "Information spillovers and connectedness networks in the oil and gas markets," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 75(C), pages 71-84.
    32. Yang, Yu & Poon, Jessie P.H. & Liu, Yi & Bagchi-Sen, Sharmistha, 2015. "Small and flat worlds: A complex network analysis of international trade in crude oil," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 93(P1), pages 534-543.
    33. repec:pal:palcom:v:2016:y:2016:i:palcomms201547:p:15047- is not listed on IDEAS
    34. Hsu, Kuang-Chung & Wright, Michael & Zhu, Zhen, 2017. "What motivates merger and acquisition activities in the upstream oil & gas sectors in the U.S.?," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 65(C), pages 240-250.
    35. Gavin Bridge & Michael Bradshaw, 2017. "Making a Global Gas Market: Territoriality and Production Networks in Liquefied Natural Gas," Economic Geography, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 93(3), pages 215-240, May.
    36. Reddy, K.S. & Xie, En, 2017. "Cross-border mergers and acquisitions by oil and gas multinational enterprises: Geography-based view of energy strategy," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 72(C), pages 961-980.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Xie, Qichang & Luo, Chao & Cong, Xiaoping & Wang, Xu, 2024. "Volatility connectedness and its determinants of global energy stock markets," Economic Systems, Elsevier, vol. 48(2).
    2. Xiaoyu Niu & Wei Chen & Nyuying Wang, 2023. "Spatiotemporal Dynamics and Topological Evolution of the Global Crude Oil Trade Network," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(4), pages 1-18, February.
    3. Gavin Bridge & Alexander Dodge, 2022. "Regional assets and network switching: shifting geographies of ownership, control and capital in UK offshore oil [Temporality and the evolution of GPNs: remaking BHP’s Pilbara iron ore network]," Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, Cambridge Political Economy Society, vol. 15(2), pages 367-388.
    4. Alexey Cherepovitsyn & Aleksei Kazanin & Evgeniya Rutenko, 2023. "Strategic Priorities for Green Diversification of Oil and Gas Companies," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(13), pages 1-17, June.
    5. Hawkes, Adam & Muûls, Mirabelle & Hamilton, James W., 2023. "Big oil and the energy transition: Evidence from M&A," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 183(C).
    6. Karolis Andriuškevičius & Dalia Štreimikienė, 2022. "Sustainability Framework for Assessment of Mergers and Acquisitions in Energy Sector," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(13), pages 1-20, June.
    7. Zhang, Qiang & Du, Debin & Xia, Qifan & Ding, Junfeng, 2024. "Revealing the energy pyramid: Global energy dependence network and national status based on industry chain," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 367(C).
    8. Karolis Andriuškevičius & Dalia Štreimikienė, 2022. "Energy M&A Market in the Baltic States Analyzed through the Lens of Sustainable Development," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(21), pages 1-21, October.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Xi, Xian & Zhou, Jinsheng & Gao, Xiangyun & Liu, Donghui & Zheng, Huiling & Sun, Qingru, 2019. "Impact of changes in crude oil trade network patterns on national economy," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 84(C).
    2. Şevkat Özgür & Franz Wirl, 2020. "Cross-Border Mergers and Acquisitions in the Oil and Gas Industry: An Overview," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(21), pages 1-25, October.
    3. Karolis Andriuškevičius & Dalia Štreimikienė, 2022. "Sustainability Framework for Assessment of Mergers and Acquisitions in Energy Sector," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(13), pages 1-20, June.
    4. Jungseok Park & Jungho Baek, 2019. "The Asymmetric Response of Mergers and Acquisitions in the North American Oil and Gas Industry to Oil Price Changes," Review of Economics & Finance, Better Advances Press, Canada, vol. 15, pages 23-30, February.
    5. Xiaoyu Niu & Wei Chen & Nyuying Wang, 2023. "Spatiotemporal Dynamics and Topological Evolution of the Global Crude Oil Trade Network," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(4), pages 1-18, February.
    6. Guan, Qing & An, Haizhong, 2017. "The exploration on the trade preferences of cooperation partners in four energy commodities’ international trade: Crude oil, coal, natural gas and photovoltaic," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 203(C), pages 154-163.
    7. Reddy, Kotapati Srinivasa, 2015. "Why do Cross-border Merger/Acquisition Deals become Delayed, or Unsuccessful? – A Cross-Case Analysis in the Dynamic Industries," MPRA Paper 63940, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 2015.
    8. Shao, Yanmin & Qiao, Han & Wang, Shouyang, 2017. "What determines China's crude oil importing trade patterns? Empirical evidences from 55 countries between 1992 and 2015," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 109(C), pages 854-862.
    9. Hsu, Kuang-Chung & Wright, Michael & Zhu, Zhen, 2017. "What motivates merger and acquisition activities in the upstream oil & gas sectors in the U.S.?," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 65(C), pages 240-250.
    10. Yan, Jingjing & Guo, Yaoqi & Zhang, Hongwei, 2024. "The dynamic evolution mechanism of structural dependence characteristics in the global oil trade network," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 303(C).
    11. Wei, Na & Xie, Wen-Jie & Zhou, Wei-Xing, 2022. "Robustness of the international oil trade network under targeted attacks to economies," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 251(C).
    12. Liu, Litao & Cao, Zhi & Liu, Xiaojie & Shi, Lei & Cheng, Shengkui & Liu, Gang, 2020. "Oil security revisited: An assessment based on complex network analysis," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 194(C).
    13. N. Wei & W. -J. Xie & W. -X. Zhou, 2021. "Robustness of the international oil trade network under targeted attacks to economies," Papers 2101.10679, arXiv.org, revised Jan 2021.
    14. Sabet, Amir H. & Agha, Mahmoud & Heaney, Richard, 2018. "Value of investment: Evidence from the oil and gas industry," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 70(C), pages 190-204.
    15. Zhang, Jing, 2019. "Oil and gas trade between China and countries and regions along the ‘Belt and Road’: A panoramic perspective," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 129(C), pages 1111-1120.
    16. Sun, Qingru & Gao, Xiangyun & Zhong, Weiqiong & Liu, Nairong, 2017. "The stability of the international oil trade network from short-term and long-term perspectives," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 482(C), pages 345-356.
    17. Zhu, Lei & Zhang, ZhongXiang & Fan, Ying, 2015. "Overseas oil investment projects under uncertainty: How to make informed decisions?," Journal of Policy Modeling, Elsevier, vol. 37(5), pages 742-762.
    18. Zhong, Weiqiong & An, Haizhong & Shen, Lei & Dai, Tao & Fang, Wei & Gao, Xiangyun & Dong, Di, 2017. "Global pattern of the international fossil fuel trade: The evolution of communities," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 123(C), pages 260-270.
    19. Wen-Jie Xie & Na Wei & Wei-Xing Zhou, 2020. "Evolving efficiency and robustness of global oil trade networks," Papers 2004.05325, arXiv.org.
    20. Kirsten Martinus & Thomas Sigler & Iacopo Iacopini & Ben Derudder, 2019. "The role of tax havens and offshore financial centers in Asia-Pacific networks: evidence from firm-subsidiary connections," Asian Business & Management, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 18(5), pages 389-411, November.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:rensus:v:139:y:2021:i:c:s1364032120309825. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/600126/description#description .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.