IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/rensus/v137y2021ics1364032120308844.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Energy master planning for net-zero emission communities: State of the art and research challenges

Author

Listed:
  • Charani Shandiz, Saeid
  • Rismanchi, Behzad
  • Foliente, Greg

Abstract

Aiming to achieve net-zero operational greenhouse gas emissions at the community level is a valuable endeavour because of synergies and efficiency gains through mixed energy uses, the economy of scale, and a broader range of technological options. Nevertheless, there are several challenges in the planning and design process of the energy infrastructure towards this goal for whole communities. The preponderance of the zero emission concepts at community scale, including unclear definitions of key terms, the availability of supporting tools, and the energy planning approaches could affect the design and decision-making process of stakeholders. In this paper, the state of the art and the state of practice of energy master planning of net-zero emission communities are critically reviewed in order to identify the key research challenges and opportunities to enhance decision-making and hasten their wider adoption. Energy master planning approaches, tools, technologies and decision-making indicators used towards net-zero emission targets are evaluated in selected case studies worldwide. The analysis and research findings show an inconsistency in the scope, definition and approaches in energy master planning of net-zero emission communities. In addition, energy resilience and social metrics and criteria are rarely included in the energy master planning of net-zero emission communities. A conceptual energy master planning framework is proposed that can support performance-based decision-making in the design and planning of net-zero emission communities. A more integrated energy master planning approach and tools, as well as more comprehensive and multi-dimensional assessment metrics, are required for improved and effective decision-making.

Suggested Citation

  • Charani Shandiz, Saeid & Rismanchi, Behzad & Foliente, Greg, 2021. "Energy master planning for net-zero emission communities: State of the art and research challenges," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 137(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:rensus:v:137:y:2021:i:c:s1364032120308844
    DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2020.110600
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032120308844
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.rser.2020.110600?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Kwan, Calvin Lee & Kwan, Timothy J., 2011. "The financials of constructing a solar PV for net-zero energy operations on college campuses," Utilities Policy, Elsevier, vol. 19(4), pages 226-234.
    2. Sameti, Mohammad & Haghighat, Fariborz, 2018. "Integration of distributed energy storage into net-zero energy district systems: Optimum design and operation," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 153(C), pages 575-591.
    3. Rosales-Asensio, Enrique & de Simón-Martín, Miguel & Borge-Diez, David & Blanes-Peiró, Jorge Juan & Colmenar-Santos, Antonio, 2019. "Microgrids with energy storage systems as a means to increase power resilience: An application to office buildings," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 172(C), pages 1005-1015.
    4. Gaiser, Kyle & Stroeve, Pieter, 2014. "The impact of scheduling appliances and rate structure on bill savings for net-zero energy communities: Application to West Village," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 113(C), pages 1586-1595.
    5. Mancarella, Pierluigi, 2014. "MES (multi-energy systems): An overview of concepts and evaluation models," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 65(C), pages 1-17.
    6. Zhao, Hai-xiang & Magoulès, Frédéric, 2012. "A review on the prediction of building energy consumption," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 16(6), pages 3586-3592.
    7. Taleghani, Mohammad & Tenpierik, Martin & Kurvers, Stanley & van den Dobbelsteen, Andy, 2013. "A review into thermal comfort in buildings," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 26(C), pages 201-215.
    8. Lopes, Rui Amaral & Martins, João & Aelenei, Daniel & Lima, Celson Pantoja, 2016. "A cooperative net zero energy community to improve load matching," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 93(C), pages 1-13.
    9. Liu, Zhijian & Liu, Yuanwei & He, Bao-Jie & Xu, Wei & Jin, Guangya & Zhang, Xutao, 2019. "Application and suitability analysis of the key technologies in nearly zero energy buildings in China," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 101(C), pages 329-345.
    10. Belmili, Hocine & Haddadi, Mourad & Bacha, Seddik & Almi, Mohamed Fayçal & Bendib, Boualem, 2014. "Sizing stand-alone photovoltaic–wind hybrid system: Techno-economic analysis and optimization," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 30(C), pages 821-832.
    11. Saeid Charani Shandiz & Alice Denarie & Gabriele Cassetti & Marco Calderoni & Antoine Frein & Mario Motta, 2019. "A Simplified Methodology for Existing Tertiary Buildings’ Cooling Energy Need Estimation at District Level: A Feasibility Study of a District Cooling System in Marrakech," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(5), pages 1-20, March.
    12. Blakers, Andrew & Lu, Bin & Stocks, Matthew, 2017. "100% renewable electricity in Australia," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 133(C), pages 471-482.
    13. Allegrini, Jonas & Orehounig, Kristina & Mavromatidis, Georgios & Ruesch, Florian & Dorer, Viktor & Evins, Ralph, 2015. "A review of modelling approaches and tools for the simulation of district-scale energy systems," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 52(C), pages 1391-1404.
    14. Hosseini, Seyedmohsen & Barker, Kash & Ramirez-Marquez, Jose E., 2016. "A review of definitions and measures of system resilience," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 145(C), pages 47-61.
    15. Mehleri, E.D. & Sarimveis, H. & Markatos, N.C. & Papageorgiou, L.G., 2013. "Optimal design and operation of distributed energy systems: Application to Greek residential sector," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 51(C), pages 331-342.
    16. Walker, Gordon, 2008. "What are the barriers and incentives for community-owned means of energy production and use?," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 36(12), pages 4401-4405, December.
    17. Huang, Zishuo & Yu, Hang & Peng, Zhenwei & Feng, Yifu, 2017. "Planning community energy system in the industry 4.0 era: Achievements, challenges and a potential solution," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 78(C), pages 710-721.
    18. Michael E. Mann & Raymond S. Bradley & Malcolm K. Hughes, 2004. "Correction: Corrigendum: Global-scale temperature patterns and climate forcing over the past six centuries," Nature, Nature, vol. 430(6995), pages 105-105, July.
    19. Connolly, D. & Lund, H. & Mathiesen, B.V. & Leahy, M., 2010. "A review of computer tools for analysing the integration of renewable energy into various energy systems," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 87(4), pages 1059-1082, April.
    20. van Beeck, N.M.J.P., 1999. "Classification of Energy Models," Other publications TiSEM 6f2cbb5e-2d53-4be6-a4f9-9, Tilburg University, School of Economics and Management.
    21. Michael E. Mann & Raymond S. Bradley & Malcolm K. Hughes, 1998. "Global-scale temperature patterns and climate forcing over the past six centuries," Nature, Nature, vol. 392(6678), pages 779-787, April.
    22. Karunathilake, Hirushie & Hewage, Kasun & Mérida, Walter & Sadiq, Rehan, 2019. "Renewable energy selection for net-zero energy communities: Life cycle based decision making under uncertainty," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 130(C), pages 558-573.
    23. van Beeck, N.M.J.P., 1999. "Classification of Energy Models," Research Memorandum 777, Tilburg University, School of Economics and Management.
    24. Mavromatidis, Georgios & Orehounig, Kristina & Carmeliet, Jan, 2018. "Uncertainty and global sensitivity analysis for the optimal design of distributed energy systems," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 214(C), pages 219-238.
    25. Jebaraj, S. & Iniyan, S., 2006. "A review of energy models," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 10(4), pages 281-311, August.
    26. Hiremath, R.B. & Shikha, S. & Ravindranath, N.H., 2007. "Decentralized energy planning; modeling and application--a review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 11(5), pages 729-752, June.
    27. Djongyang, Noël & Tchinda, René & Njomo, Donatien, 2010. "Thermal comfort: A review paper," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 14(9), pages 2626-2640, December.
    28. Ardizzon, G. & Cavazzini, G. & Pavesi, G., 2014. "A new generation of small hydro and pumped-hydro power plants: Advances and future challenges," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 31(C), pages 746-761.
    29. Sharifi, Ayyoob & Yamagata, Yoshiki, 2016. "Principles and criteria for assessing urban energy resilience: A literature review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 60(C), pages 1654-1677.
    30. Mavromatidis, Georgios & Orehounig, Kristina & Carmeliet, Jan, 2018. "A review of uncertainty characterisation approaches for the optimal design of distributed energy systems," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 88(C), pages 258-277.
    31. Rismanchi, B., 2017. "District energy network (DEN), current global status and future development," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 75(C), pages 571-579.
    32. Lund, Henrik & Werner, Sven & Wiltshire, Robin & Svendsen, Svend & Thorsen, Jan Eric & Hvelplund, Frede & Mathiesen, Brian Vad, 2014. "4th Generation District Heating (4GDH)," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 68(C), pages 1-11.
    33. Prasad, Ravita D. & Bansal, R.C. & Raturi, Atul, 2014. "Multi-faceted energy planning: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 38(C), pages 686-699.
    34. Chicco, Gianfranco & Mancarella, Pierluigi, 2009. "Distributed multi-generation: A comprehensive view," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 13(3), pages 535-551, April.
    35. Sperling, Karl & Hvelplund, Frede & Mathiesen, Brian Vad, 2011. "Centralisation and decentralisation in strategic municipal energy planning in Denmark," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 39(3), pages 1338-1351, March.
    36. Huang, Zishuo & Yu, Hang & Peng, Zhenwei & Zhao, Mei, 2015. "Methods and tools for community energy planning: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 42(C), pages 1335-1348.
    37. Lee, Kyoung-Ho & Lee, Dong-Won & Baek, Nam-Choon & Kwon, Hyeok-Min & Lee, Chang-Jun, 2012. "Preliminary determination of optimal size for renewable energy resources in buildings using RETScreen," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 47(1), pages 83-96.
    38. Fabrizio Ascione & Nicola Bianco & Rosa Francesca De Masi & Maria Dousi & S. Hionidis & S. Kaliakos & Elena Mastrapostoli & Michael Nomikos & Mattheos Santamouris & Afroditi Synnefa & Giuseppe Peter V, 2017. "Design and performance analysis of a zero-energy settlement in Greece," International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies, Oxford University Press, vol. 12(2), pages 141-161.
    39. Letellier-Duchesne, Samuel & Nagpal, Shreshth & Kummert, Michaël & Reinhart, Christoph, 2018. "Balancing demand and supply: Linking neighborhood-level building load calculations with detailed district energy network analysis models," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 150(C), pages 913-925.
    40. Kılkış, Şiir, 2015. "Exergy transition planning for net-zero districts," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 92(P3), pages 515-531.
    41. Hong, Taehoon & Koo, Choongwan & Kwak, Taehyun & Park, Hyo Seon, 2014. "An economic and environmental assessment for selecting the optimum new renewable energy system for educational facility," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 29(C), pages 286-300.
    42. Wouters, Carmen & Fraga, Eric S. & James, Adrian M., 2015. "An energy integrated, multi-microgrid, MILP (mixed-integer linear programming) approach for residential distributed energy system planning – A South Australian case-study," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 85(C), pages 30-44.
    43. Charani Shandiz, Saeid & Foliente, Greg & Rismanchi, Behzad & Wachtel, Amanda & Jeffers, Robert F., 2020. "Resilience framework and metrics for energy master planning of communities," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 203(C).
    44. Ma, Tengfei & Wu, Junyong & Hao, Liangliang & Lee, Wei-Jen & Yan, Huaguang & Li, Dezhi, 2018. "The optimal structure planning and energy management strategies of smart multi energy systems," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 160(C), pages 122-141.
    45. Kate Doubleday & Faeza Hafiz & Andrew Parker & Tarek Elgindy & Anthony Florita & Gregor Henze & Graziano Salvalai & Shanti Pless & Bri‐Mathias Hodge, 2019. "Integrated distribution system and urban district planning with high renewable penetrations," Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Energy and Environment, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 8(5), September.
    46. Mendes, Gonçalo & Ioakimidis, Christos & Ferrão, Paulo, 2011. "On the planning and analysis of Integrated Community Energy Systems: A review and survey of available tools," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 15(9), pages 4836-4854.
    47. Wang, Han & Riaz, Shariq & Mancarella, Pierluigi, 2020. "Integrated techno-economic modeling, flexibility analysis, and business case assessment of an urban virtual power plant with multi-market co-optimization," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 259(C).
    48. Fleischhacker, Andreas & Lettner, Georg & Schwabeneder, Daniel & Auer, Hans, 2019. "Portfolio optimization of energy communities to meet reductions in costs and emissions," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 173(C), pages 1092-1105.
    49. Frayssinet, Loïc & Merlier, Lucie & Kuznik, Frédéric & Hubert, Jean-Luc & Milliez, Maya & Roux, Jean-Jacques, 2018. "Modeling the heating and cooling energy demand of urban buildings at city scale," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 81(P2), pages 2318-2327.
    50. Lund, Henrik & Duic, Neven & Østergaard, Poul Alberg & Mathiesen, Brian Vad, 2018. "Future district heating systems and technologies: On the role of smart energy systems and 4th generation district heating," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 165(PA), pages 614-619.
    51. Walker, Shalika & Labeodan, Timilehin & Boxem, Gert & Maassen, Wim & Zeiler, Wim, 2018. "An assessment methodology of sustainable energy transition scenarios for realizing energy neutral neighborhoods," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 228(C), pages 2346-2360.
    52. Pohekar, S. D. & Ramachandran, M., 2004. "Application of multi-criteria decision making to sustainable energy planning--A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 8(4), pages 365-381, August.
    53. Neves, Ana Rita & Leal, Vítor, 2010. "Energy sustainability indicators for local energy planning: Review of current practices and derivation of a new framework," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 14(9), pages 2723-2735, December.
    54. Koirala, Binod Prasad & Koliou, Elta & Friege, Jonas & Hakvoort, Rudi A. & Herder, Paulien M., 2016. "Energetic communities for community energy: A review of key issues and trends shaping integrated community energy systems," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 56(C), pages 722-744.
    55. Deng, S. & Wang, R.Z. & Dai, Y.J., 2014. "How to evaluate performance of net zero energy building – A literature research," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 71(C), pages 1-16.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Zhang, Hongsheng & Hao, Ruijun & Liu, Xingang & Zhang, Ning & Guo, Wenli & Zhang, Zhenghui & Liu, Chengjun & Liu, Yifeng & Duan, Chenghong & Qin, Jiyun, 2022. "Thermodynamic performance analysis of an improved coal-fired power generation system coupled with geothermal energy based on organic Rankine cycle," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 201(P1), pages 273-290.
    2. Gjoka, Kristian & Rismanchi, Behzad & Crawford, Robert H., 2024. "Fifth-generation district heating and cooling: Opportunities and implementation challenges in a mild climate," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 286(C).
    3. Goldfischer, Oren & Kissinger, Meidad & Riemer, Raziel, 2024. "An integrated consumption and production framework for analysing institutional greenhouse gas mitigation potential," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 204(C).
    4. Lai, Wenhao & Song, Qi & Zheng, Xiaoliang & Tao, Qiong & Chen, Hualiang, 2023. "A new version of membrane search algorithm for hybrid renewable energy systems dynamic scheduling," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 209(C), pages 262-276.
    5. Moa Mattsson & Thomas Olofsson & Liv Lundberg & Olga Korda & Gireesh Nair, 2023. "An Exploratory Study on Swedish Stakeholders’ Experiences with Positive Energy Districts," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(12), pages 1-22, June.
    6. Jane Loveday & Gregory M. Morrison & David A. Martin, 2022. "Identifying Knowledge and Process Gaps from a Systematic Literature Review of Net-Zero Definitions," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(5), pages 1-37, March.
    7. Bui, Tat-Dat & Tseng, Jiun-Wei & Tsai, Feng Ming & Ali, Mohd Helmi & Lim, Ming K. & Tseng, Ming-Lang, 2023. "Energy security challenges and opportunities in the carbon neutrality context: A hierarchical model through systematic data-driven analysis," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 187(C).
    8. von Gunten Diane & Fabien Poumadère & Marc Bungener & Damien Chiffelle, 2021. "Implementation of Local Energy Plans in Western Switzerland: Survey of the Current State and Possible Paths Forward," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(19), pages 1-16, October.
    9. Ma, Binfeng & Wang, Xiaofang, 2023. "How does green floating bond and financial sector readiness promote green economic growth evidence from China," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 85(PB).
    10. Sulzer, Matthias & Wetter, Michael & Mutschler, Robin & Sangiovanni-Vincentelli, Alberto, 2023. "Platform-based design for energy systems," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 352(C).

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Mavromatidis, Georgios & Orehounig, Kristina & Carmeliet, Jan, 2018. "A review of uncertainty characterisation approaches for the optimal design of distributed energy systems," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 88(C), pages 258-277.
    2. Bouw, Kathelijne & Noorman, Klaas Jan & Wiekens, Carina J. & Faaij, André, 2021. "Local energy planning in the built environment: An analysis of model characteristics," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 144(C).
    3. Klemm, Christian & Vennemann, Peter, 2021. "Modeling and optimization of multi-energy systems in mixed-use districts: A review of existing methods and approaches," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 135(C).
    4. Huang, Zishuo & Yu, Hang & Chu, Xiangyang & Peng, Zhenwei, 2017. "A goal programming based model system for community energy plan," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 134(C), pages 893-901.
    5. Scheller, Fabian & Bruckner, Thomas, 2019. "Energy system optimization at the municipal level: An analysis of modeling approaches and challenges," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 105(C), pages 444-461.
    6. Gjorgievski, Vladimir Z. & Cundeva, Snezana & Georghiou, George E., 2021. "Social arrangements, technical designs and impacts of energy communities: A review," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 169(C), pages 1138-1156.
    7. Chang, Miguel & Thellufsen, Jakob Zink & Zakeri, Behnam & Pickering, Bryn & Pfenninger, Stefan & Lund, Henrik & Østergaard, Poul Alberg, 2021. "Trends in tools and approaches for modelling the energy transition," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 290(C).
    8. Yazdanie, M. & Orehounig, K., 2021. "Advancing urban energy system planning and modeling approaches: Gaps and solutions in perspective," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 137(C).
    9. Rasmus Magni Johannsen & Poul Alberg Østergaard & David Maya-Drysdale & Louise Krog Elmegaard Mouritsen, 2021. "Designing Tools for Energy System Scenario Making in Municipal Energy Planning," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(5), pages 1-17, March.
    10. Prasad, Ravita D. & Bansal, R.C. & Raturi, Atul, 2014. "Multi-faceted energy planning: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 38(C), pages 686-699.
    11. Rae, Callum & Kerr, Sandy & Maroto-Valer, M. Mercedes, 2020. "Upscaling smart local energy systems: A review of technical barriers," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 131(C).
    12. Mirakyan, Atom & De Guio, Roland, 2013. "Integrated energy planning in cities and territories: A review of methods and tools," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 22(C), pages 289-297.
    13. Charani Shandiz, Saeid & Foliente, Greg & Rismanchi, Behzad & Wachtel, Amanda & Jeffers, Robert F., 2020. "Resilience framework and metrics for energy master planning of communities," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 203(C).
    14. David Drysdale & Brian Vad Mathiesen & Henrik Lund, 2019. "From Carbon Calculators to Energy System Analysis in Cities," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(12), pages 1-21, June.
    15. Wirtz, Marco, 2023. "nPro: A web-based planning tool for designing district energy systems and thermal networks," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 268(C).
    16. Mavromatidis, Georgios & Orehounig, Kristina & Carmeliet, Jan, 2018. "Design of distributed energy systems under uncertainty: A two-stage stochastic programming approach," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 222(C), pages 932-950.
    17. Yanine, Franco F. & Sauma, Enzo E., 2013. "Review of grid-tie micro-generation systems without energy storage: Towards a new approach to sustainable hybrid energy systems linked to energy efficiency," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 26(C), pages 60-95.
    18. Bruno Domenech & Laia Ferrer‐Martí & Rafael Pastor, 2019. "Comparison of various approaches to design wind‐PV rural electrification projects in remote areas of developing countries," Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Energy and Environment, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 8(3), May.
    19. Tronchin, Lamberto & Manfren, Massimiliano & Nastasi, Benedetto, 2018. "Energy efficiency, demand side management and energy storage technologies – A critical analysis of possible paths of integration in the built environment," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 95(C), pages 341-353.
    20. Després, Jacques & Hadjsaid, Nouredine & Criqui, Patrick & Noirot, Isabelle, 2015. "Modelling the impacts of variable renewable sources on the power sector: Reconsidering the typology of energy modelling tools," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 80(C), pages 486-495.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:rensus:v:137:y:2021:i:c:s1364032120308844. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/600126/description#description .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.