IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/rensus/v133y2020ics1364032120304135.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Energy security indicators for Pakistan: An integrated approach

Author

Listed:
  • Abdullah, Fahad Bin
  • Iqbal, Rizwan
  • Hyder, Syed Irfan
  • Jawaid, Mohammad

Abstract

In this paper, Pakistan's energy security performance based on a study of its energy security index during 1991–2018 is assessed. The assessment, based on an analysis of the energy security and energy policies of Pakistan, focuses on the concepts of “Availability”, “Affordability”, “Technology”, “Governance”, and “Environment”. Twenty-two indicators, termed the Energy Security Indicators for Pakistan (ESIP), were selected. The ESIP were normalised using the z-score method and weighted based on principal component analysis (PCA). The index analysis revealed that Pakistan's energy security performance decreased between 1991 and 1999, followed by an increase until 2018. A maximum score of 8.36 was attained in 1991, and a minimum of 7.59 was achieved in 1999. During 2000–2018, the performance improved, resulting in a score of 8.29 in 2018. Supply, consumption, and import indicators played a key role in the energy security performance in the studied period.

Suggested Citation

  • Abdullah, Fahad Bin & Iqbal, Rizwan & Hyder, Syed Irfan & Jawaid, Mohammad, 2020. "Energy security indicators for Pakistan: An integrated approach," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 133(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:rensus:v:133:y:2020:i:c:s1364032120304135
    DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2020.110122
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032120304135
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.rser.2020.110122?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Martchamadol, Jutamanee & Kumar, S., 2013. "An aggregated energy security performance indicator," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 103(C), pages 653-670.
    2. Kiriyama, Eriko & Kajikawa, Yuya, 2014. "A multilayered analysis of energy security research and the energy supply process," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 123(C), pages 415-423.
    3. Mirjat, Nayyar Hussain & Uqaili, Muhammad Aslam & Harijan, Khanji & Walasai, Gordhan Das & Mondal, Md Alam Hossain & Sahin, Hasret, 2018. "Long-term electricity demand forecast and supply side scenarios for Pakistan (2015–2050): A LEAP model application for policy analysis," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 165(PB), pages 512-526.
    4. Farooq, Muhammad Khalid & Kumar, S. & Shrestha, Ram M., 2013. "Energy, environmental and economic effects of Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS) in a Developing Country," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 62(C), pages 989-1001.
    5. Lin, Boqiang & Ahmad, Izhar, 2016. "Energy substitution effect on transport sector of Pakistan based on trans-log production function," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 56(C), pages 1182-1193.
    6. Aized, Tauseef & Shahid, Muhammad & Bhatti, Amanat Ali & Saleem, Muhammad & Anandarajah, Gabrial, 2018. "Energy security and renewable energy policy analysis of Pakistan," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 84(C), pages 155-169.
    7. Sharifuddin, Shahnaz, 2014. "Methodology for quantitatively assessing the energy security of Malaysia and other southeast Asian countries," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 65(C), pages 574-582.
    8. Winzer, Christian, 2012. "Conceptualizing energy security," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 46(C), pages 36-48.
    9. Sahir, Mukhtar H. & Qureshi, Arshad H., 2007. "Specific concerns of Pakistan in the context of energy security issues and geopolitics of the region," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 35(4), pages 2031-2037, April.
    10. Martchamadol, Jutamanee & Kumar, S., 2012. "Thailand's energy security indicators," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 16(8), pages 6103-6122.
    11. Perwez, Usama & Sohail, Ahmed & Hassan, Syed Fahad & Zia, Usman, 2015. "The long-term forecast of Pakistan's electricity supply and demand: An application of long range energy alternatives planning," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 93(P2), pages 2423-2435.
    12. Song, Yan & Zhang, Ming & Sun, Ruifeng, 2019. "Using a new aggregated indicator to evaluate China's energy security," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 132(C), pages 167-174.
    13. Chuang, Ming Chih & Ma, Hwong Wen, 2013. "An assessment of Taiwan’s energy policy using multi-dimensional energy security indicators," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 17(C), pages 301-311.
    14. Ang, B.W. & Choong, W.L. & Ng, T.S., 2015. "A framework for evaluating Singapore’s energy security," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 148(C), pages 314-325.
    15. Ahmed, Salik uddin & Ali, Amjad & Kumar, Dileep & Malik, Muhammad Zeeshan & Memon, Abdul Hameed, 2019. "China Pakistan Economic Corridor and Pakistan’s energy security: A meta-analytic review," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 127(C), pages 147-154.
    16. Zhang, Long & Yu, Jing & Sovacool, Benjamin K. & Ren, Jingzheng, 2017. "Measuring energy security performance within China: Toward an inter-provincial prospective," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 125(C), pages 825-836.
    17. Sovacool, Benjamin K. & Mukherjee, Ishani & Drupady, Ira Martina & D’Agostino, Anthony L., 2011. "Evaluating energy security performance from 1990 to 2010 for eighteen countries," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 36(10), pages 5846-5853.
    18. Shaikh, Faheemullah & Ji, Qiang & Fan, Ying, 2016. "Prospects of Pakistan–China Energy and Economic Corridor," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 59(C), pages 253-263.
    19. Mehmood Mirza, Faisal & Bergland, Olvar & Afzal, Naila, 2014. "Electricity conservation policies and sectorial output in Pakistan: An empirical analysis," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 73(C), pages 757-766.
    20. Asif, M. & Muneer, T., 2007. "Energy supply, its demand and security issues for developed and emerging economies," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 11(7), pages 1388-1413, September.
    21. Syed Sajid Ali & Sadia Badar, 2010. "Dynamics of Circular Debt in Pakistan and Its Resolution," Lahore Journal of Economics, Department of Economics, The Lahore School of Economics, vol. 15(Special E), pages 61-74, September.
    22. Jamil, Faisal, 2012. "Impact of different public E&P policies on natural gas reserves and production in Pakistan," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 37(3), pages 368-374.
    23. Sovacool, Benjamin K. & Saunders, Harry, 2014. "Competing policy packages and the complexity of energy security," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 67(C), pages 641-651.
    24. Saima Nawaz & Nasir Iqbal & Saba Anwar, 2013. "Electricity Demand in Pakistan: A Nonlinear Estimation," The Pakistan Development Review, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, vol. 52(4), pages 479-492.
    25. Sovacool, Benjamin K., 2013. "An international assessment of energy security performance," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 88(C), pages 148-158.
    26. Luqman, Muhammad & Ahmad, Najid & Bakhsh, Khuda, 2019. "Nuclear energy, renewable energy and economic growth in Pakistan: Evidence from non-linear autoregressive distributed lag model," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 139(C), pages 1299-1309.
    27. Wu, Gang & Liu, Lan-Cui & Han, Zhi-Yong & Wei, Yi-Ming, 2012. "Climate protection and China’s energy security: Win–win or tradeoff," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 97(C), pages 157-163.
    28. Asif, M., 2009. "Sustainable energy options for Pakistan," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 13(4), pages 903-909, May.
    29. Ziad Alahdad, 2012. "Pakistan’s Energy Sector: From Crisis to Crisis-Breaking the Chain," PIDE Monograph Series 2012:6, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics.
    30. Jas Singh, 2016. "Why Energy Efficiency Matters and How to Scale It Up," World Bank Publications - Reports 23636, The World Bank Group.
    31. Vivoda, Vlado, 2010. "Evaluating energy security in the Asia-Pacific region: A novel methodological approach," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 38(9), pages 5258-5263, September.
    32. Debin Fang & Shanshan Shi & Qian Yu, 2018. "Evaluation of Sustainable Energy Security and an Empirical Analysis of China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(5), pages 1-23, May.
    33. Syed Aziz Ur Rehman & Yanpeng Cai & Rizwan Fazal & Gordhan Das Walasai & Nayyar Hussain Mirjat, 2017. "An Integrated Modeling Approach for Forecasting Long-Term Energy Demand in Pakistan," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(11), pages 1-23, November.
    34. Khan, Muhammad Arshad & Abbas, Faisal, 2016. "The dynamics of electricity demand in Pakistan: A panel cointegration analysis," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 65(C), pages 1159-1178.
    35. Ren, Jingzheng & Sovacool, Benjamin K., 2014. "Quantifying, measuring, and strategizing energy security: Determining the most meaningful dimensions and metrics," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 76(C), pages 838-849.
    36. Rauf, Omer & Wang, Shujie & Yuan, Peng & Tan, Junzhe, 2015. "An overview of energy status and development in Pakistan," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 48(C), pages 892-931.
    37. Sovacool, Benjamin K. & Mukherjee, Ishani, 2011. "Conceptualizing and measuring energy security: A synthesized approach," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 36(8), pages 5343-5355.
    38. Yao, Lixia & Chang, Youngho, 2014. "Energy security in China: A quantitative analysis and policy implications," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 67(C), pages 595-604.
    39. Rafique, M. Mujahid & Rehman, S., 2017. "National energy scenario of Pakistan – Current status, future alternatives, and institutional infrastructure: An overview," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 69(C), pages 156-167.
    40. Ullah, Kafait & Arentsen, Maarten J. & Lovett, Jon C., 2017. "Institutional determinants of power sector reform in Pakistan," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 102(C), pages 332-339.
    41. Narula, Kapil & Reddy, B. Sudhakara, 2016. "A SES (sustainable energy security) index for developing countries," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 94(C), pages 326-343.
    42. Ranjan, Ashish & Hughes, Larry, 2014. "Energy security and the diversity of energy flows in an energy system," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 73(C), pages 137-144.
    43. David Newbery, 2006. "Power Reform, Private Investment and Regional Co-operation," Working Papers EPRG 0624, Energy Policy Research Group, Cambridge Judge Business School, University of Cambridge.
    44. Yulia Vyacheslavovna Ragulina & Aleksei Valentinovich Bogoviz & Svetlana Vladislavlevna Lobova & Alexander Nikolaevich Alekseev, 2019. "An Aggregated Energy Security Index of Russia, 1990-2015," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 9(1), pages 212-217.
    45. Komal, Rabia & Abbas, Faisal, 2015. "Linking financial development, economic growth and energy consumption in Pakistan," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 44(C), pages 211-220.
    46. Singh, Rhythm, 2018. "Energy sufficiency aspirations of India and the role of renewable resources: Scenarios for future," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 81(P2), pages 2783-2795.
    47. Shakeel, Shah Rukh & Takala, Josu & Shakeel, Waqas, 2016. "Renewable energy sources in power generation in Pakistan," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 64(C), pages 421-434.
    48. Tongsopit, Sopitsuda & Kittner, Noah & Chang, Youngho & Aksornkij, Apinya & Wangjiraniran, Weerin, 2016. "Energy security in ASEAN: A quantitative approach for sustainable energy policy," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 90(C), pages 60-72.
    49. von Hippel, David & Suzuki, Tatsujiro & Williams, James H. & Savage, Timothy & Hayes, Peter, 2011. "Energy security and sustainability in Northeast Asia," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 39(11), pages 6719-6730.
    50. Narula, Kapil & Reddy, B. Sudhakara, 2015. "Three blind men and an elephant: The case of energy indices to measure energy security and energy sustainability," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 80(C), pages 148-158.
    51. Mirjat, Nayyar Hussain & Uqaili, Mohammad Aslam & Harijan, Khanji & Valasai, Gordhan Das & Shaikh, Faheemullah & Waris, M., 2017. "A review of energy and power planning and policies of Pakistan," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 79(C), pages 110-127.
    52. Anwar, Javed, 2016. "Analysis of energy security, environmental emission and fuel import costs under energy import reduction targets: A case of Pakistan," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 65(C), pages 1065-1078.
    53. Khalid Rahman, 2008. "Pakistan’s Energy Security Challenge: Some Observations and Thoughts," The Pakistan Development Review, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, vol. 47(4), pages 1011-1017.
    54. Ullah, Kafait & Raza, Muhammad Shabbar & Mirza, Faisal Mehmood, 2019. "Barriers to hydro-power resource utilization in Pakistan: A mixed approach," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 132(C), pages 723-735.
    55. Vivoda, Vlado, 2009. "Diversification of oil import sources and energy security: A key strategy or an elusive objective?," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 37(11), pages 4615-4623, November.
    56. Kessides, Ioannis N., 2013. "Chaos in power: Pakistan's electricity crisis," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 55(C), pages 271-285.
    57. Li, Yingzhu & Shi, Xunpeng & Yao, Lixia, 2016. "Evaluating energy security of resource-poor economies: A modified principle component analysis approach," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 58(C), pages 211-221.
    58. Mahmood, Anzar & Javaid, Nadeem & Zafar, Adnan & Ali Riaz, Raja & Ahmed, Saeed & Razzaq, Sohail, 2014. "Pakistan's overall energy potential assessment, comparison of LNG, TAPI and IPI gas projects," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 31(C), pages 182-193.
    59. Hussain, Anwar & Rahman, Muhammad & Memon, Junaid Alam, 2016. "Forecasting electricity consumption in Pakistan: the way forward," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 90(C), pages 73-80.
    60. Nayyar, Zeeshan Alam & Zaigham, Nayyer Alam & Qadeer, Abdul, 2014. "Assessment of present conventional and non-conventional energy scenario of Pakistan," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 31(C), pages 543-553.
    61. Newbery, D., 2006. "Power sector reform, private investment and regional co-operation," Cambridge Working Papers in Economics 0647, Faculty of Economics, University of Cambridge.
    62. Wierzbowski, Michal & Filipiak, Izabela & Lyzwa, Wojciech, 2017. "Polish energy policy 2050 – An instrument to develop a diversified and sustainable electricity generation mix in coal-based energy system," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 74(C), pages 51-70.
    63. Erahman, Qodri Febrilian & Purwanto, Widodo Wahyu & Sudibandriyo, Mahmud & Hidayatno, Akhmad, 2016. "An assessment of Indonesia's energy security index and comparison with seventy countries," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 111(C), pages 364-376.
    64. Chester, Lynne, 2010. "Conceptualising energy security and making explicit its polysemic nature," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 38(2), pages 887-895, February.
    65. Qazi, Usama & Jahanzaib, Mirza & Ahmad, Wasim & Hussain, Salman, 2017. "An institutional framework for the development of sustainable and competitive power market in Pakistan," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 70(C), pages 83-95.
    66. Ang, B.W. & Choong, W.L. & Ng, T.S., 2015. "Energy security: Definitions, dimensions and indexes," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 42(C), pages 1077-1093.
    67. Martchamadol, Jutamanee & Kumar, S., 2014. "The Aggregated Energy Security Performance Indicator (AESPI) at national and provincial level," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 127(C), pages 219-238.
    68. Mirza, Faisal Mehmood & Kanwal, Afra, 2017. "Energy consumption, carbon emissions and economic growth in Pakistan: Dynamic causality analysis," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 72(C), pages 1233-1240.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Wang, Jiangquan & Shahbaz, Muhammad & Song, Malin, 2021. "Evaluating energy economic security and its influencing factors in China," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 229(C).
    2. Adnan Abbas & Chengyi Zhao & Waheed Ullah & Riaz Ahmad & Muhammad Waseem & Jianting Zhu, 2021. "Towards Sustainable Farm Production System: A Case Study of Corn Farming," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(16), pages 1-12, August.
    3. Ikram, Majid & Rafique, Muhammad Zahid & Mohammed, Kamel Si & Waheed, Rida & Ferraz, Diogo, 2023. "Efficient resource utilization of the electricity distribution sector using nonparametric data envelopment analysis and influential factors," Utilities Policy, Elsevier, vol. 82(C).
    4. Tiep, Nguyen Cong & Wang, Mengqi & Mohsin, Muhammad & Kamran, Hafiz Waqas & Yazdi, Farzaneh Ahmadian, 2021. "An assessment of power sector reforms and utility performance to strengthen consumer self-confidence towards private investment," Economic Analysis and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 69(C), pages 676-689.
    5. Wang, Jun & Ghosh, Sudeshna & Olayinka, Olohunlana Aminat & Doğan, Buhari & Shah, Muhammad Ibrahim & Zhong, Kaiyang, 2022. "Achieving energy security amidst the world uncertainty in newly industrialized economies: The role of technological advancement," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 261(PB).
    6. Saleh Shadman & Marlia Mohd Hanafiah & Christina May May Chin & Eng Hwa Yap & Novita Sakundarini, 2021. "Conceptualising the Sustainable Energy Security Dimensions of Malaysia: A Thematic Analysis through Stakeholder Engagement to Draw Policy Implications," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(21), pages 1-26, October.
    7. Kang, Duan, 2024. "The establishment of evaluation systems and an index for energy superpower," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 356(C).
    8. Yurii Kharazishvili & Aleksy Kwilinski & Oleksandr Sukhodolia & Henryk Dzwigol & Dmytro Bobro & Janusz Kotowicz, 2021. "The Systemic Approach for Estimating and Strategizing Energy Security: The Case of Ukraine," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(8), pages 1-30, April.
    9. Kumar, Sourabh, 2023. "Evaluation and analysis of India's energy security: A policy perspective," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 278(PB).
    10. Siksnelyte-Butkiene, Indre & Streimikiene, Dalia & Lekavicius, Vidas & Balezentis, Tomas, 2024. "Comprehensive analysis of energy security indicators and measurement of their integrity," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 200(C).
    11. Le, Thai-Ha & Han, Phoumin & Le, Ha-Chi & Bui, Manh-Tien, 2023. "Electricity market development in Vietnam: Historical trends and future outlooks," Utilities Policy, Elsevier, vol. 81(C).
    12. Amin, Sakib Bin & Chang, Youngho & Khan, Farhan & Taghizadeh-Hesary, Farhad, 2022. "Energy security and sustainable energy policy in Bangladesh: From the lens of 4As framework," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 161(C).
    13. Zhang, Mingming & Zhou, Simei & Wang, Qunwei & Liu, Liyun & Zhou, Dequn, 2023. "Will the carbon neutrality target impact China's energy security? A dynamic Bayesian network model," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 125(C).

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Kang, Duan, 2024. "The establishment of evaluation systems and an index for energy superpower," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 356(C).
    2. Zhang, Long & Bai, Wuliyasu & Xiao, Huijuan & Ren, Jingzheng, 2021. "Measuring and improving regional energy security: A methodological framework based on both quantitative and qualitative analysis," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 227(C).
    3. Fahad Bin Abdullah & Rizwan Iqbal & Sadique Ahmad & Mohammed A. El-Affendi & Pardeep Kumar, 2022. "Optimization of Multidimensional Energy Security: An Index Based Assessment," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(11), pages 1-25, May.
    4. Narula, Kapil & Reddy, B. Sudhakara, 2016. "A SES (sustainable energy security) index for developing countries," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 94(C), pages 326-343.
    5. Pin Li & Jinsuo Zhang, 2019. "Is China’s Energy Supply Sustainable? New Research Model Based on the Exponential Smoothing and GM(1,1) Methods," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(2), pages 1-30, January.
    6. Fahad Bin Abdullah & Rizwan Iqbal & Sadique Ahmad & Mohammed A. El-Affendi & Maria Abdullah, 2022. "An Empirical Analysis of Sustainable Energy Security for Energy Policy Recommendations," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(10), pages 1-28, May.
    7. Wang, Deqing & Tian, Sihua & Fang, Lei & Xu, Yan, 2020. "A functional index model for dynamically evaluating China's energy security," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 147(C).
    8. Huang, Beijia & Zhang, Long & Ma, Linmao & Bai, Wuliyasu & Ren, Jingzheng, 2021. "Multi-criteria decision analysis of China’s energy security from 2008 to 2017 based on Fuzzy BWM-DEA-AR model and Malmquist Productivity Index," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 228(C).
    9. Huang, Shi-Wei & Chung, Yung-Fu & Wu, Tai-Hsi, 2021. "Analyzing the relationship between energy security performance and decoupling of economic growth from CO2 emissions for OECD countries," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 152(C).
    10. Tete, Komlan H.S. & Soro, Y.M. & Sidibé, S.S. & Jones, Rory V., 2023. "Assessing energy security within the electricity sector in the West African economic and monetary union: Inter-country performances and trends analysis with policy implications," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 173(C).
    11. Gong, Xu & Wang, You & Lin, Boqiang, 2021. "Assessing dynamic China’s energy security: Based on functional data analysis," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 217(C).
    12. Gasser, Patrick, 2020. "A review on energy security indices to compare country performances," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 139(C).
    13. Tutak, Magdalena & Brodny, Jarosław, 2022. "Analysis of the level of energy security in the three seas initiative countries," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 311(C).
    14. Lin, Boqiang & Raza, Muhammad Yousaf, 2020. "Analysis of energy security indicators and CO2 emissions. A case from a developing economy," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 200(C).
    15. Karatayev, Marat & Hall, Stephen, 2020. "Establishing and comparing energy security trends in resource-rich exporting nations (Russia and the Caspian Sea region)," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 68(C).
    16. Song, Yan & Zhang, Ming & Sun, Ruifeng, 2019. "Using a new aggregated indicator to evaluate China's energy security," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 132(C), pages 167-174.
    17. Pin Li & Jin-Suo Zhang, 2018. "A New Hybrid Method for China’s Energy Supply Security Forecasting Based on ARIMA and XGBoost," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(7), pages 1-28, June.
    18. Erahman, Qodri Febrilian & Purwanto, Widodo Wahyu & Sudibandriyo, Mahmud & Hidayatno, Akhmad, 2016. "An assessment of Indonesia's energy security index and comparison with seventy countries," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 111(C), pages 364-376.
    19. Evgeny Lisin & Wadim Strielkowski & Veronika Chernova & Alena Fomina, 2018. "Assessment of the Territorial Energy Security in the Context of Energy Systems Integration," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(12), pages 1-14, November.
    20. Matsumoto, Ken’ichi & Shiraki, Hiroto, 2018. "Energy security performance in Japan under different socioeconomic and energy conditions," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 90(C), pages 391-401.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:rensus:v:133:y:2020:i:c:s1364032120304135. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/600126/description#description .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.