IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/rensus/v107y2019icp133-144.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Energy relations between China and the countries along the Belt and Road: An analysis of the distribution of energy resources and interdependence relationships

Author

Listed:
  • Zhao, Yabo
  • Liu, Xiaofeng
  • Wang, Shaojian
  • Ge, Yuejing

Abstract

The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) forms the core of China's foreign policy and future foreign cooperation, and energy cooperation is an important component of the BRI. Energy security is closely related to the interdependent relations between countries. The present paper investigates energy interdependent relations between China and the countries along the Belt and Road using data collected in the BP Statistical Review of World Energy, between 2000 and 2015. The main results are as follows: (1) Abundant proven reserves of energy resources exist in these countries, which were equivalent to 758.73 billion tons of standard coal in 2015, accounting for 52.27% of the world. The distribution of these resources presents a pattern with two centers—one in Russia, and one in West Asia and the Middle East. (2) Established interdependence relations exist between China and the countries along the Belt and Road in terms of energy cooperation. China has imported 437.21 million tons of standard coal from these countries and their guarantee degree to China's energy security is 58.42%, of which 13.56% refers to coal, 73.37% to oil, and 13.06% to gas. Meanwhile, their dependence degree in energy exports to China was 13.56%, or 11.15% for coal, 14.92% for oil, and 10.55% for gas. An interdependence relation thus exists between China and these countries, and the degree of mutual dependence between them was 0.23 (0.22 for coal, 0.13 for oil, and 0.38 for gas), locating China in a relatively passive position with respect to the countries along the Belt and Road as a whole, but a relatively active position in relation to individual countries (with the exception of Russia). Our findings are useful to the tasks of identifying the spatial distribution pattern of energy in countries along the Belt and Road, assisting in the promotion of energy cooperation between China and these countries, and the future construction of the BRI.

Suggested Citation

  • Zhao, Yabo & Liu, Xiaofeng & Wang, Shaojian & Ge, Yuejing, 2019. "Energy relations between China and the countries along the Belt and Road: An analysis of the distribution of energy resources and interdependence relationships," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 107(C), pages 133-144.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:rensus:v:107:y:2019:i:c:p:133-144
    DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2019.03.007
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032119301376
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.rser.2019.03.007?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Scarlat, Nicolae & Dallemand, Jean-François & Monforti-Ferrario, Fabio & Banja, Manjola & Motola, Vincenzo, 2015. "Renewable energy policy framework and bioenergy contribution in the European Union – An overview from National Renewable Energy Action Plans and Progress Reports," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 51(C), pages 969-985.
    2. Guan, Qing & An, Haizhong, 2017. "The exploration on the trade preferences of cooperation partners in four energy commodities’ international trade: Crude oil, coal, natural gas and photovoltaic," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 203(C), pages 154-163.
    3. Radovanović, Mirjana & Filipović, Sanja & Golušin, Vladimir, 2018. "Geo-economic approach to energy security measurement – principal component analysis," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 82(P2), pages 1691-1700.
    4. Lee, Yusin, 2014. "Opportunities and risks in Turkmenistan’s quest for diversification of its gas export routes," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 74(C), pages 330-339.
    5. Han, Lei & Han, Botang & Shi, Xunpeng & Su, Bin & Lv, Xin & Lei, Xiao, 2018. "Energy efficiency convergence across countries in the context of China’s Belt and Road initiative," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 213(C), pages 112-122.
    6. Stötzer, Martin & Hauer, Ines & Richter, Marc & Styczynski, Zbigniew A., 2015. "Potential of demand side integration to maximize use of renewable energy sources in Germany," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 146(C), pages 344-352.
    7. Jin, Xingye & Li, David Daokui & Wu, Shuyu, 2016. "How will China shape the world economy?," China Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 40(C), pages 272-280.
    8. Du, Julan & Zhang, Yifei, 2018. "Does One Belt One Road initiative promote Chinese overseas direct investment?," China Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 47(C), pages 189-205.
    9. Bao, Chao & Fang, Chuang-lin, 2013. "Geographical and environmental perspectives for the sustainable development of renewable energy in urbanizing China," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 27(C), pages 464-474.
    10. Kruyt, Bert & van Vuuren, D.P. & de Vries, H.J.M. & Groenenberg, H., 2009. "Indicators for energy security," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 37(6), pages 2166-2181, June.
    11. Cheng, Leonard K., 2016. "Three questions on China's “Belt and Road Initiative”," China Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 40(C), pages 309-313.
    12. Wang, Shaojian & Li, Guangdong & Fang, Chuanglin, 2018. "Urbanization, economic growth, energy consumption, and CO2 emissions: Empirical evidence from countries with different income levels," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 81(P2), pages 2144-2159.
    13. Junchi Ma, 2017. "The Challenge of Different Perceptions on the Belt and Road Initiative," Croatian International Relations Review, Sciendo, vol. 23(78), pages 149-168, August.
    14. Liedtke, Stephan, 2017. "Chinese energy investments in Europe: An analysis of policy drivers and approaches," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 101(C), pages 659-669.
    15. Peter J. Rimmer, 2018. "China's Belt and Road Initiative: underlying economic and international relations dimensions," Asian-Pacific Economic Literature, The Crawford School, The Australian National University, vol. 32(2), pages 3-26, November.
    16. Atalay, Yasemin & Kalfagianni, Agni & Pattberg, Philipp, 2017. "Renewable energy support mechanisms in the Gulf Cooperation Council states: Analyzing the feasibility of feed-in tariffs and auction mechanisms," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 72(C), pages 723-733.
    17. Shaikh, Faheemullah & Ji, Qiang & Fan, Ying, 2016. "Prospects of Pakistan–China Energy and Economic Corridor," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 59(C), pages 253-263.
    18. Cai, Bofeng & Wang, Jinnan & He, Jie & Geng, Yong, 2016. "Evaluating CO2 emission performance in China’s cement industry: An enterprise perspective," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 166(C), pages 191-200.
    19. Wang, Shaojian & Liu, Xiaoping, 2017. "China’s city-level energy-related CO2 emissions: Spatiotemporal patterns and driving forces," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 200(C), pages 204-214.
    20. Changhong Zhao & Haonan Zhang & Yurong Zeng & Fengyun Li & Yuanxin Liu & Chengju Qin & Jiahai Yuan, 2018. "Total-Factor Energy Efficiency in BRI Countries: An Estimation Based on Three-Stage DEA Model," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(1), pages 1-15, January.
    21. Huang, Yiping, 2016. "Understanding China's Belt & Road Initiative: Motivation, framework and assessment," China Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 40(C), pages 314-321.
    22. Yabo Zhao & Shaojian Wang, 2015. "The Relationship between Urbanization, Economic Growth and Energy Consumption in China: An Econometric Perspective Analysis," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 7(5), pages 1-19, May.
    23. Filipović, Sanja & Radovanović, Mirjana & Golušin, Vladimir, 2018. "Macroeconomic and political aspects of energy security – Exploratory data analysis," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 97(C), pages 428-435.
    24. Lu, Ze-Yu & Li, Wen-Hua & Xie, Bai-Chen & Shang, Li-Feng, 2015. "Study on China’s wind power development path—Based on the target for 2030," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 51(C), pages 197-208.
    25. Ozturk, Ilhan & Al-Mulali, Usama, 2015. "Natural gas consumption and economic growth nexus: Panel data analysis for GCC countries," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 51(C), pages 998-1003.
    26. Shufang Wang & Axing Zhu & Yuejing Ge & Yuli Liu & Xiao Xue, 2017. "The Spatio-Temporal Evolution of Geo-Economic Relationships between China and ASEAN Countries: Competition or Cooperation?," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 9(6), pages 1-21, June.
    27. Yang, Yu & Poon, Jessie P.H. & Liu, Yi & Bagchi-Sen, Sharmistha, 2015. "Small and flat worlds: A complex network analysis of international trade in crude oil," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 93(P1), pages 534-543.
    28. Matsumoto, Ken’ichi & Shiraki, Hiroto, 2018. "Energy security performance in Japan under different socioeconomic and energy conditions," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 90(C), pages 391-401.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Seyedashkan Madani, 2021. "The BRI and its Implications for China s Energy Security: The Four As Model Perspective," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 11(4), pages 549-559.
    2. Abdul Rauf & Xiaoxing Liu & Waqas Amin & Ilhan Ozturk & Obaid Ur Rehman & Suleman Sarwar, 2018. "Energy and Ecological Sustainability: Challenges and Panoramas in Belt and Road Initiative Countries," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(8), pages 1-21, August.
    3. Zhou, Na & Wu, Qiaosheng & Hu, Xiangping & Xu, Deyi & Wang, Xiaolin, 2020. "Evaluation of Chinese natural gas investment along the Belt and Road Initiative using super slacks-based measurement of efficiency method," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 67(C).
    4. Mingchun Cao & Ilan Alon, 2020. "Intellectual Structure of the Belt and Road Initiative Research: A Scientometric Analysis and Suggestions for a Future Research Agenda," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(17), pages 1-40, August.
    5. Wang, Shaojian & Zeng, Jingyuan & Liu, Xiaoping, 2019. "Examining the multiple impacts of technological progress on CO2 emissions in China: A panel quantile regression approach," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 103(C), pages 140-150.
    6. Peter J. Buckley, 2018. "Towards a theoretically-based global foreign direct investment policy regime," Journal of International Business Policy, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 1(3), pages 184-207, December.
    7. Zhang, Long & Bai, Wuliyasu & Xiao, Huijuan & Ren, Jingzheng, 2021. "Measuring and improving regional energy security: A methodological framework based on both quantitative and qualitative analysis," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 227(C).
    8. Han, Lei & Han, Botang & Shi, Xunpeng & Su, Bin & Lv, Xin & Lei, Xiao, 2018. "Energy efficiency convergence across countries in the context of China’s Belt and Road initiative," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 213(C), pages 112-122.
    9. Yu, Linhui & Zhao, Dan & Niu, Haixia & Lu, Futao, 2020. "Does the belt and road initiative expand China's export potential to countries along the belt and road?," China Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 60(C).
    10. Xiaohui Sun & Jianbo Gao & Bin Liu & Zhenzhen Wang, 2021. "Big Data-Based Assessment of Political Risk along the Belt and Road," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(7), pages 1-20, April.
    11. Damoah, Kaku Attah & Giovannetti, Giorgia & Marvasi, Enrico, 2022. "Do country centrality and similarity to China matter in the allocation of belt and road projects?," Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, Elsevier, vol. 62(C), pages 660-674.
    12. Krishna Chaitanya Vadlamannati & Yuanxin Li & Samuel Brazys & Alexander Dukalskis, 2019. "Building Bridges or Breaking Bonds? The Belt and Road Initiative and Foreign Aid Competition," Working Papers 201906, Geary Institute, University College Dublin.
    13. Muhammad Khalil Khan & Imran Ali Sandano & Cornelius B. Pratt & Tahir Farid, 2018. "China’s Belt and Road Initiative: A Global Model for an Evolving Approach to Sustainable Regional Development," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(11), pages 1-20, November.
    14. Jin, Gang & Shen, Kunrong & Jiang, Yue, 2021. "Does the Belt and Road Initiative cause more troubled Chinese overseas investments?," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 72(C), pages 217-232.
    15. Sha, Yezhou & Song, Weijia, 2021. "Can Bitcoin hedge Belt and Road equity markets?," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 42(C).
    16. Li, Ying & Shou, Yongyi & Ding, Ronggui & Sun, Tao & Zhou, Qing, 2019. "Governing local sourcing practices of overseas projects for the Belt and Road Initiative: A framework and evaluation," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 126(C), pages 212-226.
    17. Koffi Dumor & Li Yao, 2019. "Estimating China’s Trade with Its Partner Countries within the Belt and Road Initiative Using Neural Network Analysis," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(5), pages 1-22, March.
    18. Sandu, Suwin & Yang, Muyi & Phoumin, Han & Aghdam, Reza Fathollahzadeh & Shi, Xunpeng, 2021. "Assessment of accessible, clean and efficient energy systems: A statistical analysis of composite energy performance indices," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 304(C).
    19. Xiangdong Zhu & Zhutong Gu & Canfei He & Wei Chen, 2024. "The impact of the belt and road initiative on Chinese PV firms’ export expansion," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 26(10), pages 25763-25783, October.
    20. Fayin Xu, 2019. "The Belt and Road Initiative and Globalization:The Perspective of Globalization-Constituting Theory," Global Economic Observer, "Nicolae Titulescu" University of Bucharest, Faculty of Economic Sciences;Institute for World Economy of the Romanian Academy, issue 1, June.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:rensus:v:107:y:2019:i:c:p:133-144. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/600126/description#description .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.