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Microwave-assisted pyrolysis of palm kernel shell: Optimization using response surface methodology (RSM)

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  • Jamaluddin, Muhammad 'Azim
  • Ismail, Khudzir
  • Mohd Ishak, Mohd Azlan
  • Ab Ghani, Zaidi
  • Abdullah, Mohd Fauzi
  • Safian, Muhammad Taqi-uddeen
  • Idris, Siti Shawalliah
  • Tahiruddin, Shawaluddin
  • Mohammed Yunus, Mohammed Faisal
  • Mohd Hakimi, Noor Irma Nazashida

Abstract

In this study, response surface methodology (RSM) based on central composite rotatable design (CCRD) was applied to determine the optimum condition for pyrolysis of palm kernel shell (PKS) using microwave-assisted pyrolysis system. Three operating variables, namely reaction time (min), sample mass (g) and nitrogen gas flow rate (mL/min) with a total of 20 individual experiments were conducted to optimize the combination effects of the variables. RSM based upon CCRD can be applied to correlate the experimental microwave-assisted pyrolysis results, with regression coefficients of 96.6, 95.0, 96.4 and 99.2 for the calorific value, fixed carbon content, volatile matters content and yield percentage, respectively. This proved that the RSM based on CCRD is efficiently applicable for the pyrolysis study using microwave-assisted pyrolysis system. The predicted optimum conditions for the pyrolysis process was at 31.5 min for reaction time, 30 g for sample mass and 100 mL/min for nitrogen gas flow rate, resulting in calorific value, fixed carbon content, volatile matters content and yield percentage of 29.9 MJ/kg, 59.8 wt%, 36.4 wt% and 40.0 wt%, respectively. Thus, maximum production of PKS char, with low volatile matters content and high calorific value and fixed carbon content via microwave-assisted pyrolysis system can be optimized using RSM.

Suggested Citation

  • Jamaluddin, Muhammad 'Azim & Ismail, Khudzir & Mohd Ishak, Mohd Azlan & Ab Ghani, Zaidi & Abdullah, Mohd Fauzi & Safian, Muhammad Taqi-uddeen & Idris, Siti Shawalliah & Tahiruddin, Shawaluddin & Moham, 2013. "Microwave-assisted pyrolysis of palm kernel shell: Optimization using response surface methodology (RSM)," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 55(C), pages 357-365.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:renene:v:55:y:2013:i:c:p:357-365
    DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2012.12.042
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    1. Gani, Asri & Naruse, Ichiro, 2007. "Effect of cellulose and lignin content on pyrolysis and combustion characteristics for several types of biomass," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 32(4), pages 649-661.
    2. Van de Velden, Manon & Baeyens, Jan & Brems, Anke & Janssens, Bart & Dewil, Raf, 2010. "Fundamentals, kinetics and endothermicity of the biomass pyrolysis reaction," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 35(1), pages 232-242.
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    2. Mutsengerere, S. & Chihobo, C.H. & Musademba, D. & Nhapi, I., 2019. "A review of operating parameters affecting bio-oil yield in microwave pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 104(C), pages 328-336.
    3. Kumar N, Sasi & Grekov, Denys & Pré, Pascaline & Alappat, Babu J., 2020. "Microwave mode of heating in the preparation of porous carbon materials for adsorption and energy storage applications – An overview," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 124(C).
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    6. Rashidi, Saman & Bovand, Masoud & Rahbar, Nader & Esfahani, Javad Abolfazli, 2018. "Steps optimization and productivity enhancement in a nanofluid cascade solar still," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 118(C), pages 536-545.

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