Innovative air supply management in fuel cells: An economic predictive control approach without pre-measured OER

Existing fuel cell air supply control methods improve the economic performance of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFC) under steady-state conditions through oxygen excess ratio curve, while ignoring the transient process of the air supply system under varying operating conditions. Furthermore, the oxygen excess ratio curve may exhibit deviations due to fuel cell aging and measurement inaccuracies, which would further diminish the economic performance derived from the control process. Not relying on pre-measuring the oxygen excess ratio curve, an EMPC (Economic Model Predictive Control) method is proposed for fuel cell air supply systems. It incorporates an economic cost function reflecting the economic objectives of the air supply system. By dynamically optimizing the parasitic power of the air compressor, this method enhances the overall economic performance by achieving performance optimization for both transient and steady-state processes of the fuel cell system. The asymptotic stability of PEMFC is achieved through the utilization of terminal penalty functions and terminal domain constraints. Stability and convergence analysis is carried out by employing auxiliary optimization problems and the Lyapunov method. In transient processes, EMPC method can achieve a maximum 4.97 % improvement in the economic performance of PEMFC. A hardware in loop (HIL) experiment was finally conducted to show the real-time capacity of the proposed EMPC method.