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Utilization of subcritical water for improving methane production from oil palm empty fruit bunch by anaerobic co-digestion: Process optimization, compositional, chemical, and morphological analysis

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  • Aili Hamzah, Adila Fazliyana
  • Hamzah, Muhammad Hazwan
  • Nurulhuda, Khairudin
  • Che Man, Hasfalina
  • Ismail, Muhammad Heikal
  • Show, Pau Loke

Abstract

The recalcitrance of the palm oil empty fruit bunch (EFB) lignocellulosic structure is a key hindrance to high methane production, even with co-digestion with palm oil mill effluent. This study pre-treated EFB with subcritical water (SCW) to increase methane and reduce lignin. Response surface methodology was used to examine the effects and interactions of pre-treatment temperature (120–180 °C), time (10–30 min), and liquid to solid (L/S) ratio (10–20) on cumulative methane yield (CMY), volatile solid (VS) removal, and lignin content. Experiments demonstrated that CMY increased to 803.36 mL CH4/gVS, lignin reduced to 12.21 %, and 36.61 % VS removal at 120 °C, 10 min, and L/S ratio of 20. SCW pre-treated EFB had 55.42 % more CMY and 124.30 % greater gross energy production than untreated. Pre-treated EFB has higher sugars and volatile fatty acids, and its crystallinity index increased to 65.42 %. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed lignocellulosic structural alterations in pre-treated EFB. Morphological analysis showed structural cracking and craters in pre-treated EFB. SCW pre-treatment efficiently improved co-digestion for high methane production.

Suggested Citation

  • Aili Hamzah, Adila Fazliyana & Hamzah, Muhammad Hazwan & Nurulhuda, Khairudin & Che Man, Hasfalina & Ismail, Muhammad Heikal & Show, Pau Loke, 2024. "Utilization of subcritical water for improving methane production from oil palm empty fruit bunch by anaerobic co-digestion: Process optimization, compositional, chemical, and morphological analysis," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 231(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:renene:v:231:y:2024:i:c:s0960148124010814
    DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2024.121013
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Silva, J. & Gonçalves, J.C. & Rocha, C. & Vilaça, J. & Madeira, L.M., 2024. "Biomethane production from biogas obtained in wastewater treatment plants: Process optimization and economic analysis," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 220(C).
    2. Liew, Zhen Kang & Chan, Yi Jing & Ho, Zheng Theng & Yip, Yew Hong & Teng, Ming Chern & Ameer Abbas bin, Ameer Illham Tuah & Chong, Siewhui & Show, Pau Loke & Chew, Chien Lye, 2021. "Biogas production enhancement by co-digestion of empty fruit bunch (EFB) with palm oil mill effluent (POME): Performance and kinetic evaluation," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 179(C), pages 766-777.
    3. Suhartini, Sri & Rohma, Novita Ainur & Elviliana, & Hidayat, Nur & Sunyoto, Nimas Mayang S. & Mardawati, Efri & Kasbawati, & Mascruhin, Nanang & Idrus, Syazwani & Fitria, & Jung, Young Hoon & Melville, 2023. "Comparison of acid and alkaline pre-treatment on methane production from empty palm oil fruit bunches (OPEFB): Effect on characteristics, digester performance, and correlation of kinetic parameters," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 215(C).
    4. Intan Nazirah Mohammad & Clarence M. Ongkudon & Mailin Misson, 2020. "Physicochemical Properties and Lignin Degradation of Thermal-Pretreated Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(22), pages 1-12, November.
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